UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 


COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


HONEY  PLANTS  Of  CALIFORNIA 


By  M.  C.  RICHTER 


BULLETIN  No.  217 

Berkeley,  Cal.,  June,  1911 


SACK A M  ENTO 

W.    W.    SHANNON        ---      -      SUPERINTENDENT    OF    STATE    PRINTING 

1911 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF. 

E.  J.  Wickson,  M.A.,  Director  and  Horticulturist. 

E.  W.  Hilgard,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Chemist  (Emeritus). 

W.  A.  Setchell,.P1i.D.,  Botanist. 

Leroy  Anderson,  Ph.D.,  Dairy  Industry  and  Superintendent  University  Farm  Schools. 

M.  E.  Jaffa,  M.S.,  Nutrition  Expert,  in  charge  of  the  Poultry  Station. 

R.  H.  Loughridge,  Ph.D.,  Soil  Chemist  and  Physicist  (Emeritus). 

C.  W.  Wood  worth,  M.S.,  Entomologist. 

Ralph  E.  Smith,  B.S.,  Plant  Pathologist  and  Superintendent  of  Southern  California 

Pathological  Laboratory  and  Experiment  Station. 
G.  W.   Shaw,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Experimental  Agronomist  and  Agricultural  Technologist, 

in  charge  of  Cereal  Stations. 

E.  W.  Major,  B.Agr.,  Animal  Industry,  Farm  Manager,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

F.  T.  Bioletti,  M.S.,  Viticulturist. 

B.  A.  Etcheverry,  B.S.,  Irrigation  Expert. 

George  E.  Colby,  M.S.,  Chemist  (Fruits,  Waters,  and  Insecticides),  in  charge  of 
Chemical  Laboratory. 

H.  J.  Quayle,  M.S.,  Assistant  Entomologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

W.  T.  Clarke,  B.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist  and  Superintendent  of  University  Exten- 
sion in  Agriculture. 

H.  M.  Hall,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

C.  M.  Haring,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  "Veterinarian  and  Bacteriologist. 
John  S.  Burd,  B.S.,  Chemist,  in  charge  of  Fertilizer  Control. 

E.  B.  Babcock,  B.S.,  Assistant,  Agricultural  Education. 
W.  B.  Herms,  M.A.,  Assistant  Entomologist. 

J.  H.  Norton,  M.S.,  Assistant  Chemist,  in  charge  of  Citrus  Experiment  Station,  River- 
side. 
W.  T.  Horne,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

J.  E.  Corr,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Pomologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 
C.  B.  Lipman,  Ph.D.,  Soil  Chemist  and  Bacteriologist. 
R.  E.  Mansell,  Assistant  in  Horticulture,  in  charge  of  Central  Station  grounds. 

A.  J.  Gaumnitz,  M.S.,  Assistant  in  Cereal  Investigations,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

E.  H.  Hagemann,  Assistant  in  Dairying,  Davis. 

B.  S.  Brown,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  in  Horticulture,  University  Farm,  Davis. 

F.  D.  Hawk,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  in  Animal  Industry. 

J    I.  Thompson,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Animal  Industry,  Davis. 

R.   M.  Roberts,  B.S.A.,   Field  Assistant  in  Viticulture,  University  Farm,   Davis. 

J.  C.  Bridwell,  B.S.,  Assistant  Entomologist. 

C.  H.  McCharles,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Chemical  Laboratory. 
N.  D.  Ingham,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Sylviculture,  Santa  Monica. 

E.  H.  Smith,  M.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 
T.  F.  Hunt,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

C.   O.   Smith,  M.S.,   Assistant  Plant  Pathologist,   Plant  Disease  Laboratory,   Whittier. 

F.  L.  Yeaw,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist,  Vacaville. 
F.  E.  Johnson,  B.L.,  M.S.,  Assistant  in  Soil  Laboratory. 
Charles  Fuchs,  Curator  Entomological  Museum. 

P.  L.  Hibbard,  B.S.,  Assistant,  Fertilizer  Control  Laboratory. 

L.   M.  Davis,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Dairy  Husbandry,  University  Farm,   Davis. 

L.  Bonnet,  I.A.,  Assistant  in  Viticulture. 

S.  S.  Rogers,  B.S.,  Assistant     Plant  Pathologist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

B.  A.  Madson,  B.S.A.,  Assistant  in  Cereal  Laboratory. 

Walter  E.  Packard,  M.S.,  Field  Assistant,  Imperial  Valley  Investigation,  El  Centre 

M.  E.  Stover,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Chemical  Laboratory. 

P.  L.  McCreary,  B.S.,  Laboratory  Assistant  in  Fertilizer  Control. 

E.  E.  Thomas,  B.S.,  Assistant  Chemist,  Plant  Disease  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

F.  Flossfeder,  Assistant  in  Viticulture,  Davis. 
Anna  Hamilton,  Assistant  in  Entomology. 
Mrs.  D.  L.  Bunnell,  Secretary  to  Director. 

W.  H.  Volck,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology,  Watsonville. 
E.  L.  Morris,  B.S.,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology,  San  Jose. 
J.  S.  Hunter,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology,  San  Mateo. 
J.  C.  Roper,  Patron,  University  Forestry  Station,  Chico. 
J.  T.  Bearss,  Foreman,  Kearney  Park  Station,  Fresno. 
E.  C.  Miller,  Foreman,  Forestry  Station,  Chico. 


HONEY  PLANTS  Of  CAUfORNIA, 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  Bulletin  attempts  to  present  an  account  of  that  flora  in  California 
which  is  visited  by  the  honey  bee  for  the  purpose  of  gathering  nectar, 
other  sweetish  material,  pollen  and  propolis.  There  has  been  no  work  of 
this  kind  heretofore  published;  and  what  literature  we  possess  is  but 
fragmentary,  being  confined  to  a  few  short  accounts  and  notes  in  the 
various  apicultural  and  agricultural  journals  on  some  honey  plants. 
Owing  to  a  demand  among  the  beekeepers  for  a  work  of  this  kind,  and 
as  six  other  states — Texas,  Nebraska,  Massachusetts,  Arizona,  Oklahoma, 
and  North  Carolina— already  possess  lists  (Experiment  Station  Bulle- 
tins1) of  their  honey-producing  floras,  this  station  has  seen  fit  to  prepare 
this  publication.  It  is  the  result  not  only  of  a  compilation  of  all  litera- 
ture obtainable  upon  the  subject,  but  also  of  field  work  in  different  parts 
of  the  State  during  the  past  four  years.  Many  beekeepers  have  been 
consulted  on  the  university  demonstration  train,  at  various  farmers' 
institutes  and  beekeepers'  conventions. 

The  nomenclature  that  has  been  followed  is  that  of  the  Index  Kewen- 
sis,  Plantarum  Phanerogamarum. 

Local  common  names  have  been  noted  whenever  known.  If  more  than 
one  name  is  given,  the  first  mentioned  should  be  preferred  to  all  others, 
either  because  most  frequently  used,  or  for  other  reasons. 

The  statements  of  the  geographical  distribution  of  many  of  the  differ- 
ent species  are  taken  from  botanical  works  of  California.  When  this 
is  so,  the  quotation  is  followed  by  the  name  of  the  author  alone.  The 
publications  referred  to  are  the  following : 

W.  L.  Jepson,  "Flora  of  Western  Middle  California." 
LeRoy  Abrams,  "Flora  of  Los  Angeles  and  Vicinity." 
H.  M.  Hall,  "Composite  of  Southern  California." 

For  descriptions  of  most  of  the  native  species,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  above  publications. 

The  account  of  each  plant  gives,  in  as  condensed  a  form  as  seemed 
advisable,  all  information  that  will  tend  to  help  the  beekeeper  in  ascer- 
taining its  value  as  a  honey  plant.  This  knowledge,  if  gleaned  from 
literature,  receives  the  author's  name  and  reference  is  made  to  the 
citation.  All  other  accounts  are  the  result  of  personal  observations  by 
the  writer,  except  in  those  cases  where  "reported  to"  or  similar  state- 
ments are  made,  in  such  cases  they  are  the  result  of  either  conversation 
or  correspondence  with  beekeepers.    A  star  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a 

JThe  North  Carolina  List  is  published  by  the  North  Carolina  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 


974 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


plant  indicates  that  a  specimen  of  that  plant  is  to  be  found  in  the 
herbarium  (54  species)  of  "The  Honey  Producing  Flora  of  Calif ornia," 
of  the  University  of  California,  which  is  open  to  the  inspection  of  the 
beekeepers  of  the  State. 

It  must  be  noted  that  atmospheric  conditions  play  an  exceedingly 
important  part  in  the  quantity  of  nectar  secreted  by  the  different  plants. 
A  good  honey  plant  in  one  locality  may  prove  actually  worthless  as  such 


ML                        Relief  Map 

^SK^                              of 

f  »           CALIFORNIA 

"  '^^k.            showing  the 

'<         m^    HONEY  REGIONS 

V-          '  ■  "^ 

J|  '        ~':'^k  K-KIamath  region. 

&  N-Northern 

fifc,                 valley. 
^F- Foothills  of 

^L     the  Sierras. 

v$SjH\                ^L  B- Bay  region 

^f.v;.     t^r 

fr^k^B'*    '      ..  :  ^k  C- Central 

^S^Sl^S'"-           Wk         valley. 

S|l       *> 

*?V®|Sm|   >  /AM- Middle 

I                       av^ 

^J    i    ' '♦i^'j  Wr»^k' coast 

k 

1         '-.  ^:^m^k  region. 

^^ 

1239^ 

0- 

■  ^x^h^^^^B               bsv 

Owens 

^ht*1  <*  S^'                •      '^i^k 

va/ley.  \ 

'           1    ll 

P-  Plateau 

region  of 

the  south.    \ 

S- Southern        \ 

V-hv(  '  "        VV"S§g§i. 

coast  region.    \ 

f-lmper                   \ 

x                 l^^H    ^fSgSBB 

vaiicv. 

Fig.    1. — California   Honey   Regions    (Santa   Catalina   Island   is 
indicated  in  the  text  by  X). 

in  another.  A  difference  of  only  a  few  miles  may  show  a  marked  change 
in  the  nectar-secreting  powers  of  some  plants;  a  fact  which  has  given 
rise  to  the  so-called  "alfalfa  honey  belt"  and  "lima  bean  honey  belt." 
The  color,  aroma,  body  and  granulating  propensity  of  honeys  are  like- 
wise influenced  by  climatic  conditions  as  well  as  by  altitude,  the  char- 
acter of  the  soil  and  its  moisture  content.  The  color  of  honey,  but  only 
to  a  very  slight  degree,  is  affected  also  by  the  character  of  comb  (brood) 
in  which  it  is  stored.    A  difference  of  opinion  among  beekeepers,  as  to 


BULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  975 

the  source  of  some  honeys,  is  often  due  to  a  failure  to  recall  that  an 
exceedingly  small  amount  of  aromatic  honey  may  impart  a  characteristic 
flavor  to  a  large  bulk  of  mild  honey. 

These  basic  factors  in  determining  the  nectar-secreting  values  of 
plants  have  been  mentioned  in  order  to  point  out :  first,  how  necessary 
it  is  to  make  close  and  careful  observations  in  determining  the  real 
worth  of  a  plant  throughout  its  entire  distribution  as  a  yielder  of 
nectar,  and,  secondly,  that  the  beekeeper  in  making  a  selection  of  honey 
plants  in  a  given  vicinity,  should  do  so  very  cautiously,  ever  bearing  in 
mind  that  an  excellent  honey  plant  in  one  locality  may  not  live  up  to 
its  reputation  in  another. 

The  present  bulletin  is  by  no  means  complete,  and  must  be  considered 
merely  as  a  preliminary  account  of  our  melliferous  flora.  The  writer's 
intention  is  to  continue  this  work,  and  any  additional  data  and  informa- 
tion pertaining  to  bee  botany,  as  well  as  the  correction  of  whatever 
errors  that  may  be  found,  will  be  appreciated. 

He  wishes  to  thank  Dr.  H.  M.  Hall  for  the  assistance  which  he  has 
given  in  the  identification  of  some  of  the  flora  and  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  botanical  sequence  herein  followed,  and  in  reading  the  proof.  To 
Professor  W.  L.  Jepson,  who  has  rendered  valuable  help,  and  to  Pro- 
fessor C.  W.  Woodworth,  under  whose  supervision  this  Bulletin  has 
been  written,  he  wishes  also  to  extend  his  thanks. 

THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  HONEY  PLANTS. 

California  possesses  an  unusual  number  of  different  forms  of  plant 
life.  This  is,  to  a  great  extent,  due  to  a  diversified  topography  and  to 
the  resulting  influence  this  bears  upon  climate.  If  the  State  be  con- 
sidered geographically,  it  may,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  distribution 
of  its  melliferous  flora,  be  divided  into  eleven  districts.  These  districts, 
although  they  contain  many  honey  plants  in  common,  yet  possess  enough 
different  forms  to  materially  change  the  methods  of  beekeeping  in  each 
of  the  several  districts.  The  different  honey  flora  of  the  various  sections 
is,  to  a  certain  extent,  responsible  for  this.  Not  only  has  each  such 
division  many  different  honey-producing  plants,  but  in  some  cases 
where  a  plant  is  a  good  producer  in  a  number  of  regions,  it  may,  in  one 
particular  region,  be  so  influenced  by  either  climate,  altitude,  soil,  etc., 
that  it  will  yield  little,  if  any,  nectar. 

The  boundaries  between  these  divisions  are  by  no  means  distinct,  for 
that  boundary  line  which  would  satisfy  one  plant  would  not  necessarily 
include  the  zone  of  another.  The  relative  importance  of  the  honey 
plants  of  each  district  is  given  in  brief  survey  in  the  following  para- 
graphs : 


976  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

SOUTHERN    COAST   RANGE. 
(S) 

Those  eucalypti  grown  very  near  the  coast  where  they  are  favored  by 
warm  winter  weather  often  furnish  the  bees  with  a  twenty  to  a  fifty 
pound  surplus  during  the  winter  months.  Along  river  bottoms  the 
willow  and  Cottonwood  provide  the  first  bloom  to  stimulate  bees  to 
breeding,  and,  on  the  higher  foothill  sagebrush  ("old  man")  and 
manzanita  are  the  first  to  start  activity  among  the  bees.  The  acacia, 
wherever  grown,  also  furnishes  some  of  the  first  pollen.  Following 
these  there  is  an  abundance  of  minor  bloom,  such  as  wild  cherry,  ceano- 
thus,  buckthorn,  wild  currant,  wild  blackberry,  oak,  poison  oak,  and 
figwort.  Those  spring  plants  known  to  yield  surplus  crops  are :  filaree, 
burr  clover,  mustard  (Lompoc  Valley),  caterpillar  phacelia  (Ventura 
County),  orange,  and  black  sage,  the  latter,  as  is  well  known,  is  the 
principal  honey  plant  of  southern  California.  The  summer  bee  forage 
consists  of  the  black,  purple,  and  white  sages  (blooming  in  the  order 
named),  wild  alfalfa,  horehound,  barberry,  pepper  tree,  and  sunflower. 
On  the  sand  dunes  in  San  Diego  County  ice  plant  yields  a  white  honey 
which  candies  very  readily.  In  the  vicinity  of  Ventura  and  Oxnard  the 
lima  bean  yields  an  excellent  honey  during  parts  of  July  and  August. 
Late  summer  and  fall  plants  are :  white  sweet  clover,  Christmas  berry, 
tarweed  (a  dark  and  bitter  honey),  sumac,  wild  buckwheat,  turkey 
mullein  and  blue  curl.  The  leading  honey-producing  counties  are,  in 
the  order  named,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  Orange,  and  Santa 
Barbara. 

IMPERIAL  VALLEY. 
(I) 

This  is  the  only  section  in  California  where  a  scarcity  of  pollen  may 
exist.  The  bloom  of  the  wild  hollyhock  is  the  first  for  the  bees  to  visit, 
and  when  this  ceases  they  go  to  work  upon  the  cantaloupes  which  come 
into  bloom  soon  after,  and  which*  furnish  an  abundance  of  pollen,  as 
well  as  yielding  some  honey.  During  the  latter  part  of  May  arrow  weed, 
growing  along  irrigation  ditches  and  canals,  secretes  a  great  deal  of 
nectar,  but  alfalfa  coming  into  bloom  at  about  the  same  time,  is  the  main 
source  of  honey  in  the  valley.  There  is  a  constant  flow  from  this  source, 
but  occasionally  the  first  crop  does  not  yield  as  much  as  the  others,  while 
the  last  crop  is  a  little  dark  in  color.  Mesquite  is  the  last  to  yield  honey, 
but  it  is  not  at  all  constant  in  its  secretion ;  one  year  the  bloom  lasting 
three  weeks  and  another  year  only  one  week.  It  has,  however,  two 
blooming  periods,  both  of  which  vary  to  a  considerable  extent.  Cot- 
ton is  now  being  planted  in  the  valley  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  it 
may  prove  valuable  for  the  beekeeper.  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  which 
does  well  here,  and  the  date  palm,  which  also  will,  no  doubt,  be  under 
extensive  cultivation  before  long,  are  plants  which  bee  men  are  looking 


BULLETIN  217]  HONEY  PLANTS  OF   CALIFORNIA.  977 

upon  with  much  favor.     Much  of  the  information  regarding  the  honey 
plants  of  this  valley  has  been  secured  from  Mr.  George  of  this  section. 

PLATEAU  REGION. 
(P) 

The  willow  and  cottonwood  along  river  beds  and  the  manzanita  (2,000 
to  9,000  feet,  November  to  February)1  are  again  the  two  chief  plants 
that  are  responsible  for  the  earliest  breeding  among  the  bees.  Eucalypti, 
however,  whenever  planted,  aid  materially.  Wild  lilac  (pollen),  buck- 
thorn, filaree  (300  feet,  January  to  May),  and  Phacelia  tenasitifolia  are 
the  very  early  spring  plants.  The  orange  is  a  splendid  yielder  in  the 
vicinity  of  Kiverside,  Redlands,  and  San  Bernardino.  Next  comes  the 
black  sage  (1,700  to  5,000  feet,  April  to  June),  wild  alfalfa  (1,200  to 
2,500  feet,  June  to  July),  wild  buckwheat  (1,200  to  5,000  feet,  July  to 
December),  and  sumac;  all  of  which  are  excellent  producers.  What  is 
known  as  "Straight  Up  Cactus"  by  some  of  the  beekeepers  of  these 
mountains  is  reported  to  yield  considerable  honey.  The  Yucca  and 
prickly  pear  are  also  good  yielders.  During  the  fall  a  good  deal  of  blue 
curl  honey  is  stored,  and  late  fall  showers  do  not  greatly  alter  the  con- 
stancy of  nectar  secretion  of  this  plant  at  a  2,300-foot  altitude,  on  the 
plains  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  however,  an  unusual 
nectar  secretion  of  blue  curls  follows  a  light,  soft  rainfall.  The  counties 
of  this  district  that  figure  in  honey  shipments  are  San  Bernardino, 
Riverside,  San  Diego,  Inyo,  and  Kern. 

SANTA   CATALINA  ISLAND. 
(X) 

Much  of  the  honey-producing  flora  of  this  island  is  greatly  reduced 
by  some  twenty-five  thousand  head  of  sheep.  Even  a  large  percentage 
of  the  bloom  of  the  black  and  white  sage  is  yearly  eaten  by  sheep.  Yet 
eucalypts,  Christmas  berry,  and  a  great  abundance  of  sumac  will 
always  afford  a  quantity  of  nectar.  In  March  and  April,  when  there 
is  but  little  wind,  the  bee  forage  consists  of  the  caterpillar  phacelia, 
phacelia  ramosissima  and  sow-thistle,  followed  by  oak,  tocalote,  and  an 
abundance  of  turkey  mullein. 

OWENS  VALLEY. 
(O) 

Mr.  William  Muth-Rasmussen  of  Independence  has  kindly  furnished 
the  following  information.  He  states  that  with  three  or  four  feet  of 
snow  on  the  ground  in  January  a  good  crop  of  honey  is  usually  assured. 
Willow  is  the  first  bloom,  coming  in  February,  with  the  deciduous  fruits 
in  March  and  April,  shortly  followed  by  the  oak  and  locust.    Alfalfa, 

aThe  altitudes  and  dates  are  those  for  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  and  were  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  G.  D.  Bullock,  of  Redlands. 


978  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

the  principal  honey  producer,  commences  to  bloom  about  the  middle  of 
May  and  ends  the  latter  part  of  September.  Other  surplus  yielders  are 
sweet  clover  and  wild  buckwheat,  both  commencing  to  yield  in  July. 
Those  plants  which  help  to  some  extent  are  grapes  (pollen),  catnip, 
horehound,  golden  road,  ragweed  (pollen),  and  Cleome  lutea  (yellow). 
During  September  and  October  rabbit  brush  yields  a  honey  of  a  dis- 
agreeable smell  and  taste  which  is  left  on  the  hives  for  the  bees  to  winter 
upon. 

FOOTHILLS  OF  THE  SIERRAS. 
(F) 

In  the  lower  portion  of  the  foothills  some  eucalypti  and  the  willow 
provide  the  first  bloom,  and  higher  up  in  the  canyons  it  is  the  manzanita. 
This  tree  very  often  yields  an  extraction  of  a  white-colored  and  delicious 
honey.  Filaree,  burr  clover  and  fruit  bloom  follow  in  many  sections, 
but  the  next  honey  plant  of  importance  is  the  creeping  sage.  During 
favorable  seasons  it  is  reported  to  yield  exceptionably  well  in  Nevada 
and  El  Dorado  counties.  Minor  spring  and  summer  plants  are  mustard, 
wild  onion,  buckeye,  birch  brush,  morning  glory,  milkweed,  wild  alfalfa, 
grease  wood,  and  Spanish  needle.  The  coffee  berry  (wrongly  called 
Cascara  sagrada)  and  the  Christmas  berry,  with  alfalfa,  are  the  prin- 
cipal honey  plants  blooming  respectively  in  May  and  July.  Pennyroyal 
and  " witch  hazel"  yield  some  honey  in  El  Dorado  County.  Kern, 
Tulare,  Fresno,  El  Dorado,  Nevada,  Yuba,  and  Placer  are  the  chief 
honey-producing  counties  of  this  section. 

CENTRAL  VALLEY. 

(C) 

In  this  valley  bees  continue  to  breed  during  the  winter  if  kept  in  the 
vicinity  of  E.  robusta  (November  to  December)  and  E.  globulus 
(December  to  January).  The  willow  bloom  follows  shortly  after.  Next 
of  importance  are  the  deciduous  fruits  (almond,  February  15th,  others 
in  March),  followed  by  the  orange  (April  15-20  to  May  15),  filaree,  burr 
clover,  fiddle  neck,  tarweed  and  other  spring  flowers.  When  this  bloom 
ceases  a  scarcity  of  nectar  of  about  one  month's  duration  exists,  except 
in  some  favored  localities  where  either  the  white  or  yellow  sweet  clover 
are  found.  This  is  relieved  by  alfalfa  (second  crop,  the  first  not  yield- 
ing), which  begins  to  yield  about  the  first  week  in  June.  It  is  the 
valley's  mainstay,  and  continues  to  secrete  nectar  throughout  the 
summer  months,  with  the  last  month  in  the  fall  seldom  producing  any 
n ((tar.  The  fall  bloom  consists  of  four  good  honey  plants,  namely, 
jackass  clover,  blue  curl,  alkali  weed,  and  spike  weed.  They  all  bloom 
on  the  plains  favoring  the  poorer  or  alkaline  soils,  with  the  exception  of 
blue  curl,  which  is  frequently  found  among  the  stubble  of  grain  fields 
as  well  as  in  pasture  lands.  All  vary  greatly  in  nectar  secretion,  but 
usually  when  any  one  plant  commences  to  once  yield  well,  it  will  con- 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  979 

tinue  to  do  so  until  the  first  nights  of  frost  set  in  or  up  to  the  first  heavy 
rain.  Those  counties  producing  the  most  honey  are  Fresno,  Tulare, 
Kern,  and  Kings. 

MIDDLE  COAST. 

(M) 

In  December  the  willow,  Cottonwood,  eucalypti  and  mustard  act  as 
stimulators,  and  they  are  shortly  followed  by  the  manzanita,  which 
usually  yields  a  surplus.  Other  excellent  honey  plants  are  poison  oak, 
barberry,  black  sage  (main  producer),  and  Christmas  berry.  In  the 
mountainous  regions  of  Monterey  County,  according  to  Mr.  Gauze  of 
Jolon,  the  manzanita  does  not  bloom  until  March  or  April,  and  during 
May  with  favorable  weather,  Chia  (an  annual  sage)  yields  a  good 
crop,  but  usually  the  season  proper  does  not  commence  until  June, 
when  the  bees  store  honey  from  wild  alfalfa,  bastard  sage  and  wild 
buckwheat  (not  a  regular  producer).  During  the  past  few  years 
some  of  the  best  sage  ranges  have  been  supplanted  by  eucalypti  and 
fruit  trees.  In  September  and  October  honeydew  from  the  oak  is 
gathered  in  considerable  quantities. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  AND  BAY  COUNTIES. 
(B) 

During  the  winter,  months  bees  breed  well  on  eucalypti  and  acacia, 
the  former  often  yielding  considerable  honey.  In  the  foothills  manza- 
nita provides  the  first  nectar.  Many  of  the  spring  flowers,  with  fruit 
bloom,  furnish  honey.  They  are  filaree,  burr  clover,  figwort,  oak,  poison 
oak,  buckeye,  mustard,  locust  and  others.  In  the  vicinities  of  cities  and 
towns  considerable  honey  is  stored  from  garden  flowers.  The  sage  in 
the  foothill  regions  of  Alameda  and  Contra  Costa  counties  occasionally 
yields  an  abundance  of  honey. 

During  late  summer  and  fall  some  horehound,  tarweed  and  honeydew 
honey  are  often  stored.  The  leading  bay  counties  are  Santa  Clara, 
Alameda,  Contra  Costa,  and  Marin. 

NORTHERN    VALLEY. 
(N) 

The  season  in  the  valley  opens  with  pollen  from  the  chickweed,  acacia, 
poplar  and  willow,  the  latter  sometimes  yielding  honey.  The  deciduous 
fruits  bloom  next,  accompanied  and  followed  by  filaree,  burr  clover, 
mustard  and  other  minor  spring  bloom.  Between  spring  and  summer 
there  is  usually  a  scarcity  of  honey,  but  in  a  few  favored  sections  May 
weed,  Napa  thistle,  and  white  sweet  and  yellow  sweet  clover  yield  some 
honey.  During  summer  the  bee  pasturage  consists  of  alfalfa,  carpet 
grass,  white  sweet  clover,  smartweed,  thistles,  button  willow  (restricted), 
and  some  vegetable  bloom,  such  as  carrots,  onions,  asparagus  and  melons. 
Alfalfa  and  carpet  grass  continue  to  furnish  honey  during  the  fall.     In 


980  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

the  lowlands  peppermint  and  blue  thistle  secrete  nectar  between  June 
and  November.  In  San  Joaquin  County  considerable  honeydew  of 
inferior  quality  is  gathered  from  the  willow. 

On  the  plains,  according  to  Mr.  B.  B.  Hogabloom  of  Elk  Grove,  during 
a  normal  season  are  found  yellow  sticker  (July  1st),  tarweed  (July  15th, 
with  a  flow  lasting  twenty  days),  and  blue  curl  (August  1st).  During 
winter  the  eucalypti  furnish  some  honey.  The  principal  beekeeping 
counties  in  this  district  are  Sacramento,  Yolo,  Colusa,  and  San  Joaquin. 

KLAMATH  DISTRICT. 
(K) 

The  first  bee  forage  in  the  most  northern  region  is  again  willow.  It  is 
soon  followed  by  a  variety  of  spring  bloom,  with  filaree  and  burr  clover 
predominating.  At  Yreka  and  other  cities  and  towns  the  locust  tree 
affords  some  honey.  Both  white  and  red  clover  are  found  near  Edge- 
wood  and  Montague,  from  which  bees  are  reported  to  gather  honey. 
Considerable  white  sweet  clover  is  not  only  present,  but  is  rapidly 
spreading  in  almost  all  the  regions  of  this  district.  It  is  a  splendid 
honey  yielder  here.  In  Merrill,  Shasta,  and  Scott  valleys,  and  especially 
about  Edgewood  and  Gazelle,  alfalfa  has  proven  the  principal  honey 
plant,  with  the  second  crop  yielding  the  most.  At  Gazelle  there  is  a 
yellow  sage  reported  to  yield  a  stringy  honey,  and  Scott  Valley  reports 
another  sage  to  be  a  honey  producer.  Some  of  the  minor  plants  are  a 
certain  species  of  ceanothus,  manzanita,  tarweed,  and  turkey  mullein. 
The  common  horehound  is  also  represented  in  this  district. 


CHART  OF  HONEY  PLANTS. 

The  chart  below  consists  of  an  arrangement  into  groups  based  on  the 
ability  of  the  various  honey  plants  to  secrete  nectar  and  can  only  be 
approximately  correct,  for  the  behavior  of  many  such  plants  in  the 
different  localities,  even  during  the  same  season,  is  so  variable  that  a 
fair  percentage  of  them  would  constantly  need  shifting  from  one  divi- 
sion to  another.  The  first  group  aims  to  include  all  those  plants  from 
which  bees  are  known  to  gather  a  surplus  amount  of  honey  during  an 
average  season.  In  the  second  group  are  found  those  which  only  under 
very  favorable  climatic  conditions  will  secrete  enough  nectar  to  make  an 
extraction  of  honey  possible.  It  also  includes  that  flora  which  greatly 
stimulate  bees  to  breeding  and  to  "fill  up"  for  winter.  The  last  group 
contains  all  plants  which  bees  are  known  to  frequent,  and  which  are  not 
already  mentioned  in  the  two  above  divisions.  Most  of  the  plants  listed 
in  this  group  are  only  visited  by  bees  during  unfavorable  seasons  or 
where  honey-producing  plants  are  scarce,  and  do  not,  generally  speak- 
ing, secrete  nectar  in  sufficient  quantities  for  the  bees  to  store. 


BXTLLETIN  217] 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


981 


FIRST  GROUP. 
Honey  plants  yielding  a  surplus  during  an  average  season. 


Common  name. 


Blooming  period. 


Eegion. 


Botanical  name. 


Yucca 

Willow   

"Wild  Buckwheat 

Black  Mustard 

English  Mustard 

Rocky      Mt.      Honey 
Plant. 

Jackass  Clover 

Christmas  Berry 

Pear    

Apple    

Wild  Alfalfa 

Burr  Clover 

Alfalfa 

Sweet  White  Clover. 
Sweet  Yellow  Clover- 
Lima  Bean 

Alfilerilla 

White   Stem  Filaree_ 

•Orange   

Tree  of  Heaven 

Poison  Oak 

(Laurel)  Sumac 

Pepper  Tree 

•California  Buckeye — 

Coffee  Berry 

Cascara  Sagrada 

"Wild  Hollyhock 

Prickly  Pear 

Lemon  Scented  Gum 

"White    Stringy-bark  _ 

Blue   Gum 

Red  Gum 

Manna  Gum 

Blue  Thistle 

Manzanita 

Yerba  Santa 

Caterpillar  Phacelia. 
Valley  Vervenia 

Carpet  Grass 

Horehound 

Peppermint 

White  Sage 

Thistle   Sage 


Je  Jl 

Ja  F  Mr 

Ap  My  Je  Jl  Ag  S 

O  N 
Mr  Ap 
My  Je  Jl 
Ap  My 
Mr  Ap  My 

Ag  S  O 

Je  Jl 

Mr 
Mr 
F  Mr  Ap  My  Je  Jl 

Ag  S 
F  Mr  Ap  My  Je 

Ap  My  Je  Jl  Ag  S 

O 
Je  Jl  Ag 
My  Je 
Jl  Ag 
F  Mr  Ap  My  Je 

F  Mr  Ap  My  Je 

Mr  Ap  My 
Je 

Ap  My 
Je  Jl 
My  Je  Jl 
Je 

Je 

My 

Ja 

My  Je  Jl 

Je 

Ag 

Ja  F  Mr  Ap  My  Je 

My  Je  Jl 
Jl  Ag 

Ag  S  O 

Ja   F 

Je   Jl 

Ap 
Ap 

Je  Jl  Ag  S  O 
My  Je  Jl  Ag  S 
Jl  Ag  S   O  N 
Ap  My  Je  Jl  Ag 
Mr  Ap  My 


S  I  P  O 

SIPOFCMB 

N  K 
S  P  O  C  M 

S  M 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

S 

P  O 


X  S  P  F  C  M  B 

SPOFCMBN 
S  P  O  F  C  M  B 
S  P  C 

SPOFCMBN 

K 
I  P  O  F  C  N  K 

S  P  O  C 

S  P  O  C  N 

S 

SPOFCMBN 

K 
SPOFCMBN 

S  P 
S  P  C 

X  S  M  B 

X  S  P  M 

S  P  M  B 

F  B 

S  P  F  M  N 

N  K 

I 

S  P 

S  P  C  M  B  N 


XSPOFCMB 

N 
SPOFCMBN 

S 

N 

NDSPFMBK 

S  B  N 

X  P  c 
P  c 

C  N 

S  P  C  B  N  K 

N 

X  S  P 

s 


Hesperoyucca  whip- 

plei. 
Salix    (sp.). 

Eriogonum  fascicu- 

latum. 
Berberis  pinnata. 
Brassica  nigra. 
Brassica  (sp.). 
Cleome  integrifolia. 

Wislizenia  refracta. 
Heteromeles  arbuti- 

folia. 
Pyrus  communis. 
Pyrus  malus. 
Lotus  glaber. 

Medicago  denticu- 

lata. 
Medicago  sativa. 

Melilotus  alba. 
Melilotus  officinalis. 
Phaseolus  lunatus. 
Erodium  cicutarium. 

Erodium   moscha- 

tum. 
Citrus  aurantium. 
Ailanthus  glandu- 

losa. 
Rhus   diversiloba. 
Rhus    laurina. 
Schinus  molle. 
Aesculus    califor- 
nica. 
Rhamnus  califor- 

nica. 
Rhamnus  purshi- 

ana. 
Sidalcea  malvae- 

fiora. 
Opuntia  lindheimeri 

occidentalis. 
Eucalyptus  citrio- 

dora. 
Eucalyptus  eugonio- 

ides. 
Eucalyptus  globulus. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata. 
Eucalyptus  vimi- 

nalis. 
Cryngium  articu- 

latum. 
Arctostaphylos 

(sp.). 
Eriodictyon   tricho- 

calix. 
Phacelia  hispida. 
Phacelia  tenaceti- 

folia. 
Lippia   nodiflora. 
Marrubium   vulgare. 
Mentha  spicata. 
Salvia  apiana. 
Salvia  carduacea. 


982 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

First  Group — Continued. 


Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Annual  Sage  

Mr  Ap  My 

F 

Salvia  columbarise. 

Purple   Sage 

Ap  My  Je  Jl 

S  P 

Salvia  leucophylla. 

Black  Sage 

F  Mr  Ap  My  Je 

X  S  PM  B 

Salvia  mellifera. 

Creeping   Sage 

Ap  My  Je 

M 

Salvia  sonomensis. 

Blue  Curls 

Ag  S  O 

S  P  F  C  B  N 

Trichostoma  lanceo- 

lata. 

Button  Willow 

Jl  Ag  S 

C  N 

Cephalanthus   occi- 
dentalis. 

Napa  Thistle 

My  Je 

X  N 

Centaurea  meliten- 

Spike  Weed 

Ag  S- 

C 

Centromadia  pun- 
gens. 

Bull    Thistle    

Je  Jl 

N 

Cirsium   lanceola- 
tum. 

Common   Sunflower 

Jl  Ag  S 

S  P  C  M  B 

Helianthus  annus. 

Coast  Tarweed 

Je  Jl 

B 

Hemizonia  corym- 
bosa. 

Tarweed 

Je  Jl 

S  P  B 

Hemizonia  fascicu- 

lata. 

(Yellow)  Tarweed 

Ag  S  O 

N 

Hemizonia    virgata. 

"Yellow  Tops" 

Ap  My  Je 

C 

Hemizonia    (sp.). 

Goldenrod 

Ag  S  O 

N 

Solidago    occiden- 

talis. 

Rabbit        Brush 

S  N 

Chrysothamnus  nau- 

(White). 

seosus    hypolluca. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST. 
Cultivated  plants  that  would  rank  with  the  above  had  they  a  wider  distribution. 


Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Common         Century 

Jl 

S  P  B 

Agave  americana. 

Plant. 

White   Clover 

My   Je 

C  B  N  K 

Trifolium   repens. 

American    Linden 

My   Je 

S  C   B 

Tilia   americana. 

Tamarisk     

Ap  My  Je 

S  C 

Tamaris   (sp. ). 

Ag  S   O 

Eucalyptus  calo- 
phylla. 

Yate   Tree 

My  Je  Jl  Ag 

Eucalyptus   cornuta. 

Sugar  Gum 

Ag  S  O  N       . 

Eucalyptus    coryno- 
calyx. 

Cider   Gum    

Ap  My 

Eucalyptus  gunnii. 

Ag  S 

Eucalyptus    leh- 
manii. 

White  Ironbark 

Ja  F  Mr  Ap 

Eucalyptus  leucoxy- 
lon. 

Spotted   Gum    

My  Je 

Eucalyptus   macu- 
lata. 

Honey   Scented  Gum 

Ja  F  Mr  Ap 

Eucalyptus    mellio- 
dora   phaceafolia. 

Red    Boxtree    

F  Mr  Ap 

Eucalyptus   polyan- 
thema. 

Red  Mahogany  Gum 

Ag    S 

Eucalyptus    resini- 
fera. 

Swamp       Mahogany 

Ja  F  Mr 

N   D 

Eucalyptus   robusta. 

Gum. 

Broad    Leaved    Iron- 

Ja 

O   N   D 

Eucalyptus    sidero- 

bark. 

phora. 

Victoria   Ironbark 

Mr 

D 

Eucalyptus   sider» 
oxylon. 

Apple    Scented   Gum- 

Ap 

Eucalyptus   stuar- 
tina. 

Forest  Gray  Gum 

My  Je  Jl 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Eucalyptus   tereti- 
cornis. 

Ap 

S  I  P  C  M  B  N 

Wisteria. 

BULLETIN  217] 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


983 


SECOND  GROUP. 
Honey  plants  occasionally  yielding  a   surplus. 


Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Asparagus   

My  Je  Jl 

N 

Asparagus   officin- 
alis. 
Quercus  agrifolia. 
Quercus  douglassii. 
Quercus   lobata. 

Live  Oak 

Ap 

M    B 

Blue  Oak 

Ap 

M    B 

Valley  Oak 

Ap 

S  C  M  N 

Ag   S 

N 

Polygonium  lapathi- 
folium. 

Mistletoe    

D  S  P  F  M  B 

Phoradendron  (sp.). 
Brassica  campestris. 

Common   Mustard 

F  Mr  Ap 

S  P  C  M  B  N 

Wild    Radish    

Ap   My   Je 

S  P  C  M  B  N 

Raphanus   sativus. 

Je 

B 

Escallonica  monte- 
vidensis. 

Wild  Currant 

Ja    F 

S 

Ribes  sanguineum. 

Greasewood    

Ap  My  Je  Jl 

S  P  M 

Adenostema  fasci- 
culatum. 

Castor  Oil   Plant 

Je  Jl 

S  P 

Ricinus    communis. 

Islay    or    Holly 

My 

S  M 

Cerasus  illicifolia. 

Leaved   Cherry. 

Bitter  Almond 

F 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Prunus  amygdalus. 

Apricot     

Mr 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Prunus    armeniaca. 

Cherry    

Mr 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Prunus    cerasus. 

Plum  and  Prune 

Mr 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Prunus   domestica. 

Peach    

Mr 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Prunus  persica. 

Raspberry 

Ap  My  Je 

S  B 

Rubus  strigosus. 
Rubus   villosus. 

Cultivated     Black- 

My  Je  Jl  Ag 

B 

berry. 

Himilayan  Berry 

Ag 

B 

Rubus  villosus  var. 

Common  Wild  Black- 

S M  B 

Rubus   vitifolius. 

berry. 

Black  Wattle 

F  Mr  Ap  My  Je 

S  P  C  M  B  N 

Acacia    decurrens 
mollis. 

Golden  Wattle 

F   Mr 

S 

Acacia  pycnantha. 

Rattleweed    

c 

Astragalus  (sp.). 

Sweet         (Yellow) 

Ap  My  Je 

S  P  0   C  N 

Melilotus    indica. 

Clover. 

Locust 

Ap  My 

C  M  B  N  K 

Robinia    pseuda- 

cacia. 

Sour  Clover  

My  Je 

N 

Trifolium   fucatum. 

Alsike 

My  Je 

N 

Trifolium  hybridum. 

Gorse 

Mr  Ap  My 

B 

Ulex  europaesus. 

Mandarin    

Mr  Ap  My 

S 

Citrus  nobilis. 

Jl 

S 

Croton   californicus. 

Turkey   Mullein 

Jl  Ag 

X  S  P 

Eremocarpus  setige- 

rus. 
Ceanothus  cuneatus. 

F  Mr  Ap 

S  M 

Wild  Lilac 

Ap  My 

S  M  K 

Ceanothus   (sp.). 

F  Mr  Ap  My 

S  M 

Thamus  crocea. 

Grape    

My  Je 

C  N 

Vitis  vinifera. 

My  Je 

B 

Tilia  (sp.). 

Cotton 

Je  Jl  Ag 

I 

Gossypium  herba- 

ceum. 

Je 

B 

Godetia  bottse. 

California        Water- 

Jl  Ag 

N 

Jussiaea  califor- 

weed. 

nica. 

Sweet   Fennel 

My  Je  Jl  Ag  S 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Foeniculum  vulgare. 

Madrona    

Ap 

M  B 

Arbutus  menziesii. 

Oregon  Ash 

Ap  My 

N 

Fraxinus  oregona. 

Olive 

Ap  My 

P  N 

Olea  europaea. 

Morning-glory     

My  Je  Jl 

N 

Convolvulus  arven- 

sis. 
Gilia  chamissonis. 

My  Je 

S 

Hill  Vervenia 

Mr  Ap 

S  M 

Phacelia  distans. 

Je  Jl 

X  S  M 

Phacelia  ramosis- 
sima. 

Heliotrope 

My  Je  Jl  Ag 
Je  Jl  Ag 

S  c 

Heliotropium    (sp. ). 

Lawn  Plant 

s 

Lippia  repens. 

Wild  Verbena 

Jl  Ag  S 

S  P 

Verbena  prostrata. 

984 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 
Second  Group — Continued. 


Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Yerba  Buena 

Hedge  Nettle 

California  Figwort 

Simpson's     Honey 
Plant. 

Watermelon    

Canteloupe 

Cucumber 

Winter  Squash 

Pumpkin 

My  Je 

Mr  Ap 

Mr  Ap  My  Je 

Ap  My  Je 

My  Je  Jl  Ag 
Ja  F  Mr  Ap  My 
My  Je  Jl  Ag 
My  Je  Jl  Ag 
My  Je  Jl  Ag 
Je  Jl 
Je  Jl 

My  Je  Jl 
Ag  S 
Je  Jl 
Je  Jl 

M  B 

B 

S  M  B 

S 

S  C  N 
I 

S  C  N 
S  C  N 
S  C  N 
S  C  N 
S  C  N 

N 

C  N 

Micromeria   chamis- 

sonis. 
Stachys  bullata. 
Scrophularia  califor- 

nica. 
Scrophularia  ver- 

nalis. 
Citrullus  vulgaria. 
Cucumis  mello. 
Cucumis  sativus. 
Cucurbita  maschata. 
Cucurbita  pepo. 

Globe  Artichoke 

Jerusalem   Artichoke 

Mayweed 

Cynara  scolymus. 
Helianthus  tubero- 

sus. 
Anthemis   cotula. 

Beggar  Ticks 

Spanish  Needle 

Bidens  frondosa. 
Bidens  pilosa. 
Coreopsis   gigantea. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST. 
Cultivated  plants  that  would  rank  with  the  above  had  they  a  wider  distribution. 


Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Migonette 

Ap  My  Je  Jl 

Reseda  odorata  et 
lutea. 

Ja  F 

Cytisis  elongatus. 

White  Tree  Clover— 

Ja  F 
My  Je  Jl 

Cytisis  proliferus. 
Melilotus  bicolor. 

Poinsettia 

Jl 

S   P 

Euphorbia   pulcher- 
rima. 

THIRD  GROUP. 
Honey  plants  not  known  to  yield  a  surplus. 


Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Corn 

My  Je  Jl 

Zea  mays. 

Tanbark  Oak 

Je 

B 

Quercus  densifiora. 

Virgin's  Bower 

Je  Jl 

S  M 

Clematis  ligustici- 
folia. 

Ap 

S 

Clematis  (sp.). 

California  Laurel 

Ja  F  Mr 

M  B 

Umbellularia  cali- 
fornica. 

California  Poppy 

Mr  Ap  My  Je  Jl 

SPFC  M  B  N 

Eschscholtzia  cali- 
fornica. 

Cream  Cups   

Ap 

C 

Platystemon  cali- 
fornicus. 

Canyon  Gooseberry — 

Ja  F  Mr 

Ribes  menziesii. 

(Western)     Choke 

Ap  My  Je 

S  M 

Cerasus  demissa. 

Cherry. 

California  Wild  Rose 

S 

Rosa  californica. 

Wild   Sweet   Pea 

F  Mr 

S 

Lathyrus   splendens. 

Lupin 

Ja  F  Mr  Ap 
My  Je  Jl 
Jl  Ag  S  O 

S  M 

Lupinus   affinis. 

N 

Medicago  lupulina. 

Red  Clover 

N  K 

Trifolium  pratense. 

Spring  Vetch 

Mr  Ap 

S 

Vicla  sativa. 

Maple   , 

Mr  Ap 

N 

Acer  negundo. 

Virginia  Creeper 

Jl 

S  M  B 

Ampelopsis  quinque- 
folla. 

California         Wild 

My  Je 

C 

Vitis  californica. 

Grape. 

BULLETIN  2171 

HONEY   PLANTS 

OF   CALIFORNIA. 

985 

Third  Group 

— Continued. 

Common  name. 

Blooming  period. 

Region. 

Botanical  name. 

Small  Flowered  Mal- 

Ap My  Je 

S 

Malva  parviflora. 

low. 

White  Mallow 

Je 

S 

Malva  sylvestris. 

Jl  Ag 

S 

Helianthemum  scop- 
arium. 

Milkweed 

Jl  Ag  S 

N 

Asclepias  mexicana. 

Milkweed 

My  Je  Jl 

N 

Asclepias  speciosa. 

Dodder  

Jl  Ag  S 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Cu  scuta. 

Common  Heliotrope  _ 

Je  Jl  Ag  S  O  N 

S  P  F  C  M  B  N 

Heliotropium  curas- 

/ 

savicum. 

Je 

B 

Tournefortia   helio- 
tropoides. 

Tule  Mint 

Ag  S 
Je  Jl  Ag 

B  N 
S 

Mentha  canadensis. 

Pennyroyal    

Monardella  lanceo- 

lata. 

Loving  Sage 

Mr  Ap  My  Je 

S 

Salvia  amabilis. 

Winter  Savory 

Je 

B 

Satureia  montana. 

My  Je  Jl  Ag 

N 

Stachys  ajugoides. 

Je  Jl 

B 

Stachys  albens. 

Je 

B 

Veronica  ander- 
sonii. 

Common  Plantain 

My  Je  Jl  Ag 

S  C  B  N 

Plantego  major. 

Wild  Honeysuckle 

My  Je 

S 

Lonicera. 

Blue  Elderberry 

My  Je 

S  C  M  B  N 

Sambucus  glauca. 

Cornflower 

My  Je 

S  B 

Centaurea  cyanus. 

Ja   F   Mr   Ap 

S 

Encelia  californica. 

Ap  My  Je  Jl 

B 

Eriophyllum  confer- 
tiflorum. 

Jl  Ag  S  O 

B 

Heterotheca  grandi- 
flora. 

Je 

B 

Malacothris   saxa- 
tilis. 

Common  Sow-thistle. 

Mr  Ap  My  Je  Jl 

X  S  P  C  M  B  N 

Sonchus    oleraceus. 

F  Mr  Ap 

B 

Sonchus    maruan- 
thus. 

Finns  (sp.). 

Cloud's  Rest. 
honev.1 


GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Pinace^e.     Pine  Family. 

PINE. 

A  great  abundance  of  aphidian 


Yosemite  region 


ANGIOSPERMAE. 

MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Gramine^e.     Grass  Family. 
Triticum  sativum  Lam.  Wheat. 

Introduced:  cultivated  extensively  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joa- 
quin valleys. 

Nectar  from  stubble  of  wheat  prematurely  cut.2 

Zea  mays  L.  Maize.    Indian  Corn. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  throughout  California.    May-July. 

iCook,  A.  J.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Mar.  15,  1904. 

2Cook,  A.  J.     Bee  Keeper's  Guide.     Geo.  W.  York  Co.     Chicago,  1904. 


986  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

Some  nectar  from  pistillate  bloom  and  from  the  intersection  of  the 
leaves  and  stalks,  and  an  abundance  of  pollen  from  staminate  bloom. 
Sorghum  (sp.).  Egyptian  Corn. 

Tulare  County  reports  Egyptian  corn  a  wonderful  pollen  yielder. 
Cyperace^:.     Sedge  Family. 
Scirpus  (sp.).  Tule. 

In  marshes  about  Sacramento  River. 

The  tule  has  been  mentioned  as  a  honey  plant  since  many  beekeepers 
claim  it  to  be  one,  but  the  writer  believes  that  it  yields  no  nectar.  Honey 
buyers  often  refer  to  honey  gathered  along  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  rivers  as  ''tule  honey.' ' 

Palm,e.     Palm  Family. 
Phoenix  dactylifera  L.  Date  Palm. 

Introduced:  cultivated  throughout  California. 
Bees  visit  the  bloom  very  profusely. 

Liliace^e.     Lily  Family. 
Allium  (sp.).  "Wild  Onion. 

Vicinity  of  Sacramento. 
This  is  reported  to  occasionally  yield  a  surplus  in  the  above  locality. 

Allium  cepa  L.  Common  Onion. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  many  parts  of  the  State. 

A  fine  yielder  of  an  amber  honey.  The  characteristic  onion  flavor  of 
this  honey  departs  when  the  honey  becomes  thoroughly  ripe. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Asparagus. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  different  parts  of  California.  May- 
July. 

' '  Grown  principally  in  the  delta  country,  between  Sacramento,  Stock- 
ton, and  Port  Costa."3 

Occasionally  yields  a  quantity  of  amber  honey  which,  when  thor- 
oughly ripe,  loses  its  flavor;  considerable  orange  colored  pollen. 

Hesperoyucca  whipplei  Baker.  Yucca.    Spanish  Bayonet.    Spanish 

Dagger.    Mountain  Queen.    Roman 
Candle.    Our  Lord's  Candle. 
"Common  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  all  our  mountains.     June- July." 
Abrams:  "Coastward  slope  of  the   San   Bernardino  mountains,   and 
southern  Sierra  Nevada. ' '     Coville  :4 

Southern  Coast  Range  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego  counties. 
Eagerly  visited  by  bees,  and  where  abundant  enough,  yields  a  surplus. 


3Smith,  R.  E.     Asparagus  Rust.     Bull.  No.  165  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  of  California. 
♦Botany  of  the  Death  Valley  Expedition,  Division  of  Botany.     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr. 


b'ulletin  217]  honey  plants  of  california.  987 

Amaryllidace.^. 
Agave  americana  L.  Common  Century  Plant. 

Introduced :  cultivated  throughout  California.    July- August. 
Very  rich  in  nectar. 

DICOTYLEDONS. 

CHORIPETAL^E. 

Salicace^e.     Willow  Family. 
Populus  trichocarpa  T.  &  G.  Black.    Cottonwood.    Poplar. 

"Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada,  thence  south  to  southern  Cali- 
fornia as  far  as  Palomar  mountain."    March.5 

Some  honeydew  in  the  fall  in  parts  of  the  Sacramento  Valley. 

Purple  pollen  in  abundance  and  valuable  for  early  breeding ;  propolis. 

Salix  (sp.).  Willow. 

Common  along  most  streams  and  rivers  throughout  California.  Jan- 
uary-March. 

A  dark  amber  and  bitter  honey.  Surplus  yields  have  been  reported 
from  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  Fresno,  and  Tulare  counties.  Very 
important  throughout  California  for  the  early  and  abundant  pollen  it 
produces,  and  which  is  used  for  breeding  purposes;  in  San  Joaquin 
County  much  honeydew  honey  of  dark  color  is  gathered  in  the  fall ;  much 
propolis.  Professor  A.  J.  Cook  states  that  both  the  plant  lice,  Lachnus 
dentatus  LeBaron,  and  Aphis  salicti  Harris,  secrete  sweets,  especially 
in  September  and  October  on  the  willow  which  the  bees  visit.6 

Juglandace^e.     Walnut  Family. 
Juglans  regia  L.  Persian  or  English  Walnut. 

Introduced:  cultivated  principally  in  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los 
Angeles  and  Orange  counties. 

Considerable  honey  and  some  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Fagace^e.     Oak  Family. 
Quercus  agrifolia  Nee.  Live  Oak.    Field  Oak.    Encina. 

North  Coast  ranges  from  northern  Sonoma  County  to  Marin  and  to 
Suisun  Valley,  and  throughout  the  south  Coast  ranges,  where  it  is  very 
abundant  and  widely  scattered,  to  southern  and  Lower  California.7 
April. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers ;  often  aphidian  honey  in  the  fall. 
Quercus  densi flora  H.  &  A.  Tanbark  Oak. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.     June. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

5Jepson,  W.  L.  The  Trees  of  California.  Cunningham,  Curtiss  &  Welch.  San  Fran- 
cisco,   1909. 

6Cook,  A.  J.     Bee  Keeper's  Guide.     Geo.  W.  York  &  Co.     Chicago,  1904. 

Mepson,  W.  L.  The  Trees  of  California.  Cunningham,  Curtiss  &  Welch.  San  Fran- 
cisco.  1909. 

2— Bul.  217 


988 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Quercus  douglassii  H.  &  A.  Blue  Oak.     Mountain  White  Oak. 

Rock  Oak. 

' '  Throughout  middle  California :  most  abundant  on  the  dry  foothills 
of  the  Coast  ranges,  especially  towards  the  interior;  rarely  found  on 
the  higher  mountain  slopes  or  in  the  valleys. ' '    Jepson.    April. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.  At  Jolon  (Monterey  County) 
enough  honeydew  is  gathered  during  September  and  October  to  winter 
bees.  No  ill  effects  have  been  experienced  on  wintering  bees  from  this 
source,  according  to  Mr.  Gauze,  a  veteran  beekeeper  of  this  section. 


Fig.  2. — a  Wild  Buckwheat,     b  Smartweed.     c  Clematis. 

Quercus  lobata  Nee.  Valley  Oak.    Roble.    Weeping  Oak. 

"Most  characteristic  oak  in  the  fields  and  along  the  water  courses  of 
the  Coast  Range  and  interior  valleys.    April. ' '    Jepson. 

Eagerly  visited  by  bees  for  both  honey  and  pollen.  With  favorable 
climatic  conditions  considerable  honeydew  is  gathered  in  the  fall. 

A  Gridley  beekeeper  reports  the  honeydew  to  be  water  white  in  color. 

Loranthace^e.     Mistletoe  Family. 
Phoradendron  (sp.).  Mistletoe. 

Parasitic  on  pine,  cottonwood,  buckeye,  sycamore,  etc.  December- 
January. 

Pollen  and  perhaps  honey  from  the  flowers.  Mr.  Louis  Sholl  reports 
for  P.  flavescens  Nutt. :  ' '  Honey  yield  abundant  and  also  pollen ;  very 
valuable  for  early  brood  rearing. '  '8 

8Texas  Honey  Plants.     Bull.  No.  102,  Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 


BULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  989 

Polygon ace^e.     Buckwheat  Family. 
Antigonon  leptopus  H.  &  A.  Mexican  Rose.     Mountain  Rose. 

Coralita. 
Listed  as  a  honey  plant  from  California  in  the  1910  edition  of  A  B  C 
&  X  Y  Z  of  Bee  Culture. 

*Eriogonum  fasciculatum  Benth.       Wild  Buckwheat.    Flat  Top. 

Fig.  2a. 

Very  common  throughout  southern  California.    April-November. 

Honey  light  amber,  of  agreeable  flavor,  and  subject  to  granulation. 
The  principal  honey-producing  plant  in  many  southern  California 
apiaries.  This  plant  blooms  two  months  earlier  on  the  valley  side  of 
the  Coast  Range  mountains.  This  honey  has  been  analyzed  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.9 
Polygonum  bolanderi  Brewer. 

1 '  On  rocky  outcroppings,  mostly  in  the  lowest  foothills ;  known  only 
from  the  Mayacamae  Range  and  parallel  chains;  Suscol  Hills;  Hood's 
Peak;  east  of  Napa  City  and  northward  to  the  La  Jota  Plateau  on 
Howell  mountain.    July-September. ' '    Jepson. 

Of  this  plant  Mr.  W.  A.  Gridley  of  Edgewood  says  that  it  grows  on 
the  poorest  land  yielding  every  year  about  20  pounds  to  the  colony 
between  September  20th  and  October  20th.  The  honey  is  amber,  and  is 
usually  left  for  the  bees  to  winter  upon. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Smart  Weed.     Common  Knot 

Weed.    Willow  Weed. 

"Common  along  streams  or  in  low  land  often  whitening  great  areas. 
August-September. ' '    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers,  but  not  as  good  a  honey  plant  as  the  dotted 
smartweed.  This  is  not  the  smartweed  or  heartease  (Polygonium  per  si- 
caria)  of  the  eastern  states. 

Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.  (Dotted)  Smartweed.     Fig.  2b. 

' '  Common  in  low  and  especially  marshy  ground,  or  in  moist  mountain 
meadows ;  Howell  mountain.  September. ' '  Jepson.  Sacramento  Valley, 
June  15-September. 

Yields  a  great  deal  of  dark  honey  of  poor  quality  in  and  about  Yolo 
and  Colusa  counties,  and  probably  elsewhere. 

,  Ranunculace^.     Buttercup  Family. 
Clematis  ligustici folia  Nutt.  Virgin's  Bower.    Hill  Clematis. 

"Almost  throughout  California,  in  the  hilly  districts,  from  San  Ber- 
nardino north  to  Santa  Cruz;  San  Jose,  Marin  County,  Ukiah;  and 
Weldon  Canyon,  Vaca  mountains ;  Sierra  Nevada.    June- July. ' '    Jepson. 

A  great  deal  of  pollen  and  probably  some  honey. 

8Browne,  C.  A.  Chemical  Analysis  and  Composition  of  American  Honeys.  Bureau 
of  Chemistry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr. 


990  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Clematis  (sp.).  Clematis.    Fig.  2c. 

Introduced :  in  the  cultivated  gardens  of  our  cities  and  towns.    April. 

Bloom  eagerly  sought  after  for  both  pollen  and  honey. 
Migella  hispanica. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    June. 

A  great  favorite  with  the  bees. 


Fig.  3. — a  Common  Yellow  Mustard.      b  Black  Mustard. 

Berberidace^e.     Barberry  Family. 
Berberis  pinnata  Lag.  California  Barberry. 

''Rather  common  on  hills,  mostly  along  the  edge  of  thickets.  Berkeley 
Hills  and  San  Francisco  southward  to  Monterey.  March-April. ' '  Jep- 
son. 

Amber  honey.  Some  sections  of  Monterey  County  report  surplus 
yields  after  the  manzanita  and  poison  oak  have  blossomed  and  before 
the  sages  commence  to  produce. 

Magnoliace^e.     Magnolia  Family. 
Magnolia  glauca  L.  Sweet  Swamp,  or  White  Bay 

Beaver  Tree. 
Introduced:  cultivated  throughout  California. 
Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Laurace^:.     Laurel  Family. 
*Umbellularia  calif ornica  Nutt.  California  Laurel.     Bay  Tree. 

Pepper  Wood.    Spice  Tree. 
"Throughout  California,  mainly  along  mountain  streams,  more  rarely 
in  the  valleys.    December-March. ' '    Jepson. 

Bees  work  upon  bloom  when  other  melliferous  flora  is  scarce. 

Papaverace^e.     Poppy  Family. 
Eschscholtzia  calif  ornica  Cham.         California  Poppy. 

In  abundance  throughout  almost  entire  California.    March-July. 


Bulletin  217]  HONEY  PLANTS  OF  CALIFORNIA.  991 

Some  honey,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  orange-colored  pollen. 
Eastern  beekeepers  occasionally  claim  that  bees  visiting  bloom  of  the 
poppy  family  become  diseased,  but  no  such  trouble,  as  far  as  the  writer 
knows,  has  been  reported  in  this  State.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
Friedrich  Huck's  "Unsere  Honig  und  Bienenpfl  anzen, "  a  German  work 
on  honey  plants,  has  listed  the  California  poppy  as  an  introduction  from 
California,  and  as  a  source  of  pollen  for  the  bees. 
Playtystemon  calif  ornicus  Benth.       Cream  Cups. 

''Common  almost  throughout  California,  in  the  hills  and  on  the  plains, 
in  April.' '    Jepson. 

Bees  reported  to  work  well  on  bloom  in  Madera  County. 

Crucifer^.     Mustard  Family. 
'^Brassica  campestris  L.  Common  Yellow  Mustard.    Fig.  3a. 

"Very  common.    February- April. "    Jepson. 

Varies  in  the  amount  of  honey  produced  according  to  locality ;  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  yellow  pollen. 

Brassica  nigra  Koch.  Black  Mustard.     Fig.  3b. 

"Naturalized  weed,  everywhere  common  and  very  abundant  in 
interior  grain  fields.    May- July."    Jepson. 

An  excellent  honey  plant  in  the  Lompoc  Valley.  In  many  other  local- 
ities does  not  yield  as  well,  probably  due  to  some  climatic  factor. 

Mr.  Fred  A.  Parker,  of  Lompoc,  states  that  this  honey  is  light  amber, 
has  an  agreeable  flavor,  but  a  peculiarity  characteristic  odor,  and  is 
prone  to  early  crystallization. 

Brassica  (sp.).  English  Yellow  and  Trieste,  or 

Red  Mustard. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  in  Lompoc  Valley,  where  they  are 
grown  for  seed.    April-May. 

Character  of  the  honeys  from  both  varieties  alike ;  mild  in  flavor,  of 
a  light  color  and  body,  with  a  tendency  for  rapid  granulation,  some- 
times four  or  five  days  after  extraction.10 

Raphanus  sativus  L.  Wild  Radish. 

' '  Common  weed  of  waste  places  in  towns  and  villages  about  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay ;  less  frequent  in  the  interior. ' '    Jepson. 

"Frequent  in  poorly  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  especially  in 
sandy  soils.    April-  June,  or  of  ten  throughout  the  year. ' '    Abrams. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Capparidace;e.     Caper  Family. 
Cleome  integrifolia  T.  &  G.  Rocky  Mountain  Honey  or 

Bee  Plant. 
Reported  to  have  been  recently  introduced  at  Banning  (2,500  feet), 

10Oates,  W.  J.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     June  15,  1905. 


992  UNIVERSITY  OP   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

where  it  commences  to  bloom  in  March  and  lasts  for  three  months.  It 
thrives  exceedingly  well  in  waste  places  and  among  rocks,  where  bees 
work  upon  it  very  eagerly.  In  other  states  this  plant  has  been  under 
cultivation  for  many  years  as  a  bee  plant. 

Wislizenia  refract  a  Engelm.  Jackass  Clover.     Stinkweed. 

''Sacramento  to  Lathrop  and  southward  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 
Not  abundant  in  the  lower  San  Joaquin  twenty  years  ago  as  now  (Mrs. 
K.  Brandegee) .  Grows  on  the  white  alkali  at  Travers  and  Goshen,  but 
appears  only  once  in  two  years.  Greedily  visited  by  bees  when  in 
flower. ' '    Jepson.    August-October. 

Honey  water-white,  mild  in  flavor,  and  of  good  body,  granulates  in 
three  to  six  months,  when  it  much  resembles  a  paste  made  from  powdered 
sugar.  The  very  fact  that  it  is  spreading  so  rapidly  over  the  poor  lands 
of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  that  it  produces  the  only  water-white 
honey,  with  the  exception  of  blue  curls,  as  far  as  the  writer  knows,  that 
is  produced  in  the  late  fall,  has  led  to  the  conclusion  that  jackass  clover 
will  be  one  of  the  greatest  honey-producing  plants  of  this  State,  and 
may,  in  the  future,  rank  next  to  sage  and  alfalfa.  During  the  fall  of 
1909,  a  Fresno  beekeeper  reported  that  he  extracted  30  pounds  per 
colony  each  week  for  six  weeks  from  this  source.  Another  beekeeper  of 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley  relates  that  during  a  jackass  clover  flow  the 
noise  was  terrific,  and  that  home-coming  bees  flew  so  slowly  that  they 
could  be  picked  out  of  the  air.  It  was  Henry  T.  Chrisman  of  Coalinga, 
who  first  became  aware  of  its  value  as  a  honey  plant,  and  gave  it  its 
present  name. 

Resedace^e.     Mignonette  Family. 
Eeseda  odorata  L.  et  lutea  L.  Common  Mignonette. 

Introduced :  commonly  found  in  the  gardens  of  our  cities  and  towns. 
April-July. 

Very  much  visited  by  bees  whenever  in  bloom. 

Saxipragace^e.     Saxifrage  Family. 
*Escallonia  montevidensis  D.  C. 

Introduced :  an  ornamental  in  the  San  Francisco  parks  and  elsewhere. 
June. 

Bees  visit  bloom  in  great  numbers  on  fine  days. 

*Bibes  menziesii  Pursh.  Canyon   Gooseberry. 

"Outer  Coast  ranges  of  middle  California.  The  flowers  appear  in 
January  or  February  from  winter  buds."  Jepson.  Frequent  in  Santa 
Barbara  County.     January-March. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 


Bulletin  217]  honey  plants  OF  California.  993 

Bibes  sanguineum  Pursh.  Wild  Currant. 

Flowering    Currant. 

Common  near  the  coast  in  canyons  or  on  northward  slopes.  January- 
March. 

"A  white  flower  buckthorn  is,  with  the  wild  currant,  the  earliest  shrub 
for  the  bees  to  begin  on."11 

Rosacea.     Eose  Family. 
Adenostema  fasciculatum  H.  &  A.     Greasewood,  Chamisal.     Chamios. 

"The  most  abundant  and  characteristic  bush  of  the  high  Coast 
ranges. ' '    Jepson.    April- July. 

Eagerly  visited  by  bees  in  Lake,  Marin,  Santa  Barbara,  and  Ventura 
counties,  and,  no  doubt,  elsewhere. 

Cerasus  de.missa  Nutt.12  Western  Choke  Cherry. 

"Common:  Sierra  Nevada  mountains;  middle  north  Coast  Eange 
(Napa  mountains);  Oakland  Hills;  Mount  Hamilton."     Greene. 

"Rare  on  the  seaboard  or  altogether  absent.  Last  of  April- June. " 
Jepson. 

"Occasional  in  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  and  San  Antonio 
mountains ;  in  the  upper  portions  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  in  the  pine 
belt."    Abrams. 

Honey  and  considerable  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Cerasus  ilicifolia  Nutt.  Islay,  or  Holly  Leaved  Cherry. 

"Oakland  Hills;  San  Francisco  peninsula;  Loma  Prieta,  and  south- 
ward to  Santa  Barbara.  May- June."  Jepson.  Santa  Barbara  and 
south  to  San  Diego  County.    March-May. 

A  great  aid  in  building  bees  up  in  the  spring,  furnishing  both  honey 
and  pollen. 

Eriobotrya  japonica  Lindl.  Loquat.     Japan  Plum. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  parts  of  southern  California. 
An  excellent  honey  plant. 

Fragaria  chiloensis  Duch.  et  var.        Strawberry. 

Introduced:  very  wide  distribution;  cultivated  principally  in  the 
Pajaro  and  Santa  Clara  valleys,  and  in  the  outlying  districts  of  Los 
Angeles  and  Sacramento.  Blooms  at  all  seasons.  Considerable  honey 
and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

*Heteromeles  arbutifolia  Roem.  Christmas  Berry.    California 

Holly.     Toy-on.     Fig.  4. 
"Common  on  mountain  sides  and  along  streams  everywhere  in  the 
Coast  ranges,  flowering  in  July. ' '    Jepson.    June- July. 

"Pleasants,  J.  E.     Bee  Keeper's  Review.     Oct.  1909. 
12Some  authors  include  this  genus  with  Prunus. 


994 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


A  thick  amber  honey  with  a  decided  flavor,  candying  to  coarse  gran- 
ules within  two  or  three  months  after  extraction.  Surplus  crops  are 
reported  from  Monterey,  Colusa,  and  Nevada  counties.  The  honey  is 
gathered  after  the  sages  have  bloomed.  Mr.  Chas.  Goodman  of  "Williams 
says  that  this  honey  makes  better  comb  than  extracted  for  the  reason 
that  the  extracted  not  only  gives  off  a  great  deal  of  scum,  but  also  upon 
casing  it,  the  upper  portion  of  the  honey  in  the  can  granulates  while  the 
under  portion  remains  in  the  liquid  state. 


in 

'•'    J* 

'^^i#&iM 

.  ^%.'l-«aS 

r 

.*.,,,.'  ■ 

Fig.  4. — Christmas  Berry. 

Prunus  amygdalus  Stokes  et  var.       Bitter  Almond. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  the  higher  lands  of  the  coast  valleys 
and  in  some  districts  in  the  interior  valleys  and  foothills.    February. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.  Where  abundant,  of  much 
importance  to  stimulate  brood  rearing. 

Prunus  armeniaca  L.  et  var.  Apricot. 

Introduced :  a  valley  fruit ;  succeeds  near  the  coast,  both  in  southern 
and  central  California.    March. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers;  an  aid  in  building  up  bees  in 
the  spring. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  995 

Prunus  cerasus  L.  Cherry. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  principally  in  Alameda,  Santa  Clara, 
Solano,  Napa,  and  Sacramento  counties.    March. 

Among  the  leading  honey  producers  of  deciduous  fruits.  This  is 
especially  true  in  Sacramento  County. 

Prunus  domestica  L.  et  tri flora  Plums  and  Prune. 

Roxbg.  et  simonii.    Can. 

Introduced :  ' '  The  plum  has  an  exceedingly  wide  range  in  California, 
from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast  and  in  coast  valleys,  where  the 
sea  winds  and  fogs  intrude,  eastward  towards  the  great  interior  valleys, 
and  upwards  on  the  sides  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. '  '13 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.    Sacramento  County  reports  sur- 
plus yields. 
Prunus  persica  S.  &  Z.  et  var.  Peach 

Introduced:  very  wide  distribution;  most  abundant  in  San  Joaquin 
Valley ;  eastern  slopes  of  Coast  Range ;  Sierra  foothills  at  not  a  too  high 
elevation.    March. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.  When  favorable  weather  prevails 
the  peach  is  reported  to  yield  enough  for  an  extraction. 

Pyrus  communis  L.  et  var.  Pear. 

Introduced :  wide  range ;  interior  valleys,  foothills  of  the  Sierra,  and 
through  the  Coast  Range.    March. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.  Perhaps  the  best  honey  producer 
of  deciduous  fruits.  Warm  weather  at  blossoming  time  usually  means 
an  extraction  of  pear  honey  accompanied  with  swarming.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  the  honey  bee  is  the  principal  agent  in  the  distribution  of 
pear  blight,  but  should  she  be  excluded  other  bees  and  insects  are  quite 
capable  of  spreading  the  disease. 

Pyrus  malus  L.  et  var.  Apple. 

Introduced:  throughout  the  Coast  Range,  especially  in  the  Pajaro 
Valley ;  southern  California,  and  in  the  low  lands  of  the  Sacramento  and 
San  Joaquin  valleys.    March. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers ;  surplus  crops  of  apple  honey  are 
often  reported.  A  question  much  asked  is :  ' '  How  many  colonies  of  bees 
are  required  to  fertilize  an  orchard  ? ' '  Professor  W.  T.  Clarke  of  this 
station  contends  that  one  colony  is  amply  sufficient  to  fertilize  80  acres 
of  apple  bloom,  and  that  other  bees  and  insects  aid  greatly.  Editor 
Root,  however,  believes  that  ten  colonies  might  pollenize  a  ten-acre 
orchard,  "but  probably  50  or  100  would  be  much  better."14 

13Wickson,  E.  J.     California  Fruits.     The  Pacific  Rural  Press.     San  Francisco.  1909. 
"Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Feb.  15,  1906. 


996  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

llosa  calif  omica  C.  &  S.  California  Wild  Rose. 

"Common  everywhere  along  river  and  creek  banks  throughout  Cali- 
fornia, often  forming  small  thickets.    Flowering  most  freely  in  June. ' ' 

Jepson. 

A  great  deal  of  pollen  from  the  flowers. 
Rubus  strigosus  Michx.  et  var.  Raspberry. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  in  many  parts  of  the  State,  especially 
in  the  vicinity  of  large  cities.    April-June. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Rubns  villosus  Ait.  et  var.  Cultivated  Blackberry. 

Introduced :  grown  in  similar  situations  as  the  raspberry. 

Honey  and  cream-colored  pollen  from  the  flowers.  Yuba  County 
reports  some  honey  from  the  blackberry.  Of  the  Himalayan  variety : 
' '  It  secretes  nectar  at  a  time  when  other  berries  are  on  the  wane,  and  it 
continues  well  into  the  fall. '  '15    May- July. 

Rubus  vitifolius  C.  &  S.  Common  Wild  Blackberry. 

1 '  Common  along  creeks  and  rivers  in  the  valleys  and  among  the  hills 
of  the  Coast  Range  country  and  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys. ' ' 
Jepson.    March-April. 

Some  seasons  considerable  honey ;  cream-colored  pollen. 

Leguminos^e.     Pea  Family. 
Acacia  dealbata.  Silver  Wattle. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  throughout  the  State. 
Honey  and  a  quantity  of  yellow  pollen. 

* Acacia  decurrens  mollis. .  Wild.       Black  Wattle. 

Introduced:  widely  distributed  throughout  the  State;  grown  as  an 
ornamental  in  our  gardens  and  along  roadsides.     February-June. 

Some  honey  and  an  abundance  of  yellow  pollen  in  early  spring. 
Acacia  pycnantha. 

Introduced:  Santa  Barbara,  and,  no  doubt,  elsewhere.  February- 
March. 

Some  honey  .and  an  abundance  of  yellow  pollen  in  early  spring. 

Astragalus  (sp.).  Rattleweed. 

Southern  California.    June-July. 
Reported  to  yield  honey. 

Cytisus  elongatus  Borkh. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.  January-Feb- 
ruary. 

Very  eagerly  visited  by  bees  and  apparently  an  excellent  honey  plant. 

,5Pryal,  W.  A.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Nov.  1,  1909. 


B'ULLETIN  2171 


HONEY   PLANTS    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


997 


Cytisus  proliferus  alius.  White  Tree  Clover. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.  December- 
February. 

Much  the  same  as  the  above. 

Lathy rus  splendens  Torr.  Wild  Sweet  Pea. 

"A  very  handsome  species  of  Riverside  and  San  Diego  counties." 
Abrams.    February-March. 

Honey  from  the  flowers;  more  favored  by  Bombus  than  Aphis  mel- 
lifera. 


Mi^MWti 


Fig.  5. — a  Sweet  Clover,     b  Burr  Clover,     c  White  Clover.      d  Wild  Alfalfa. 

*  Lotus  glaber  Greene.  Wild  Alfalfa.    Deerweed.    Deer 

Clover.    Tanglefoot.    Wild  Broom. 
Fig.  5d. 

' '  Common  everywhere  in  the  Coast  ranges  in  the  hill  country :  Solano 
and  Napa  counties  southward  to  San  Diego.  June-September."  Jep- 
son. 

Sacramento  and  Nevada  counties  and  southern  California.  Blooming 
period  from  January  to  August. 

A  very  erratic  honey  producer.  Some  years  in  some  sections  yielding 
twice  as  much  as  the  sages ;  this  is  true  for  either  the  coast  or  valley  side 
of  the  Coast  ranges,  yet  a  good  wild  alfalfa  honey  flow  on  the  east  coast 
does  not  necessarily  mean  such  is  the  case  on  the  west  side.  Beekeepers 
report  wild  alfalfa  honey  as  being  white,  light  amber,  amber  and  at 


998  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

times  with  a  characteristic  greenish  tinge.  It  is  one  of  the  main  honey 
plants  of  the  Coalinga  district.  This  plant,  according  to  Mr.  Z.  Quincy 
of  Ramona,  upon  reaching  its  second  year's  growth,  after  a  mountain 
fire,  is  said  to  give  us  a  great  amount  of  nectar. 

*Lupinus  affinis  Agardh.  Lupine. 

"Vacaville,  Napa  Valley,  Martinez,  Oakland  hills,  San  Francisco 
peninsula,  and  southward  to  southern  California.  Very  common  in  late 
February  and  in  March. ' '  Jepson.  ' '  Frequent  in  the  valleys  and  foot- 
hills, mostly  in  heavy  soils. ' '  Abrams.  Santa  Barbara  County.  Janu- 
ary-April. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*Medicago  denticulata  Wild.  Burr  Clover.     Fig.  5b. 

"Very  common  throughout  California,  especially  on  the  plains,  low 
hills  and  in  the  valleys.  March-June,  but  flowering  in  most  places  at 
nearly  all  seasons. ' '    Jepson. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.  An  excellent  clover  to  stimulate 
bees  to  breeding  and  fully  the  equal  of  filaree  as  a  honey  plant.  Extrac- 
tions from  this  source  are  occasionally  obtained. 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  Nonesuch.    Black  Medicle. 

' ' Uncommon :  Santa  Clara  County.  Berkeley.  April-May.''  Jepson^ 
Low  lands  of  Sacramento  County.    May-July. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*Medicago  sativa  L.  Alfalfa.    Lucerne. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  in  most  valleys  throughout  the  State. 
April-October. 

Honey  water-white,  white,  light  amber  and  amber,  according  to  local- 
ity, character  of  the  soil  and  season  of  the  year;  of  excellent  body  and 
granulates  within  a  few  months  after  extraction.  Alfalfa,  due  partly 
to  irrigation,  is  the  most  reliable  honey  plant  of  California.  In  those 
years  when  the  Coast  ranges  do  not  receive  sufficient  rainfall,  the  output 
of  alfalfa  honey  exceeds  that  of  the  sage.  The  San  Joaquin  and 
Imperial  valleys  are  the  two  leading  alfalfa  honey  districts.  In  the 
former,  the  first  and  last  crops  yield  little  if  any  honey,  but  the  second 
and  third,  when  proper  climatic  conditions  prevail,  give  up  a  great 
abundance  of  nectar.  Mr.  J.  T.  Dunn  of  Fresno  says  that  four  or  five 
days  of  hot  weather  and  little  or  no  wind,  in  the  early  part  of  June, 
will  "bring  out"  the  nectar,  and  insure  a  flow,  whether  or  not  wind  or 
cooler  weather  comes  later.  In  respect  to  the  influence  of  the  soil  on 
the  color  of  the  honey,  it  appears  that  alfalfa  grown  on  sandy  soil  which 
does  not  hold  water  will  produce  honey  light  in  color,  but  in  many  por- 
tions of  the  valley  where  alluvial  soil  prevails,  and,  where  water  is 
within  four  to  eight  feet  of  the  surface,  the  color  of  the  honey  is  decid- 


BULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  999 

cdly  amber.  In  the  Imperial  Valley  the  flow  is  constant  except  that 
sometimes  the  first  crop  is  a  little  light.  Both  these  districts  report  that 
the  color  of  the  last  extraction  of  honey  is  perceptibly  darker  than 
earlier  extractions.  In  the  Sacramento  Valley  considerable  honey  of 
excellent  quality  is  procured  especially  when  either  the  second  or  third 
cutting  of  alfalfa  is  allowed  to  go  to  seed.  Mr.  Thos.  J.  Mumma  of  Dun- 
nigan  states  that  alfalfa  grown  on  light,  sandy  soil  produces  a  pure 
white  honey  while  that  grown  on  heavier  soils  is  slightly  amber  in  color. 
Alfalfa  fields  along  the  coast  do  not  yield  sufficient  nectar  to  make  it 
worth  while  to  the  beekeeper.  The  miller  and  grasshopper  often  decrease 
the  flow  from  the  third  crop  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  whereas  the 
alfalfa  butterfly  (Eurymus  eury theme)  causes  a  loss  to  the  beemen  of 
the  Imperial  Valley. 

^Melilotus  alba  Lam.  Sweet  (White  Bokhara  and  Stone) 

Clover.      Incorrectly    called    Wild 

Alfalfa  in  Yuba  County.     White 

Melilot.     Fig.  5a. 

"Rare  in  the  bay  region,  occurring  only  in  river  beds.    San  Leandro 

Creek,  Davy,  Napa  River,  near  St.  Helena;  common  in  moist  valleys 

northward."     Jepson.     Rapidly  spreading   in  the   Sacramento,    San 

Joaquin,  and  lower  Santa  Clara  valleys.    June-August. 

Honey,  white  to  light  amber,  with  sometimes  a  slight  greenish  cast, 
medium  body  and  of  a  variable  flavor  (mild  to  unpleasant)  ;  pollen  dull 
yellow  color.  Much  esteemed  by  beekeepers  wherever  grown,  and  may 
be  found  from  Siskiyou  to  San  Diego  County. 

Melilotus  bicolor. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    May-July. 
Bees  very  active  on  bloom. 

Melilotus  indica  All.  Sweet  Yellow  Clover. 

Yellow  Melilot. 

Very  common  in  damp  situations  in  many  parts  of  the  State.  April- 
June. 

Much  visited  by  bees,  but  not  to  be  ranked  as  a  honey  plant  of  much 
importance  in  this  State.  During  1910  a  Colusa  County  beekeeper 
disposed  of  seed  of  this  sweet  clover  to  be  sold  as  a  bee  plant.  In  some 
parts  of  the  State  indica  is  known  as  ' '  Sour  clover, ' '  thus  confusing  it 
with  T.  fucatum.    In  Arizona  indica  is  commonly  known  as  sour  clover. 

Melilotus  officinalis  Lam. 

Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  and  probably  elsewhere ;  known 
as  a  pest  in  the  grain  fields.    May- June. 

Considerable  honey  of  a  slightly  amber  color  and  not  unpleasant 
flavor.     (Yolo  County.)     This  species  is  very  much  like  indica,  and  may 


1000  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

be  most  easily  differentiated  from  the  above  in  that  its  yellow  flowers 
are  slightly  larger. 

Phaseolus  lunatus  L.  et  var.  Lima  Bean. 

Introduced:  cultivated  principally  in  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los 
Angeles,  and  Orange  counties.    July- August. 

Honey,  water  white,  heavy  body  and  very  delicious  flavor.  The 
Ventura  bean  fields  produce  most  of  our  lima  bean  honey.  Cool,  foggy 
weather  preceding  bloom,  with  sunshiny  days  following  appear  to  be 
ideal  conditions  for  nectar  secretion.  The  first  two  weeks  of  bloom  are 
the  best,  and  as  much  honey  is  secured  then  as  is  gathered  during  the 
following  four  weeks  of  what  is  known  as  the  ' '  after-bloom. ' '  Towards 
the  last  of  the  flow  the  honey  darkens  noticeably.  Some  years  the  lima 
bean  louse  does  considerable  damage  to  the  maturing  buds,  thus  destroy- 
ing some  of  the  first  blossoms. 

Prosopis  juliflora  D.  C.  Mesquite,  Algaroba  (Hawaiian 

Islands)  Honey  Mesquite. 

Mohave  and  Colorado  deserts,  ranging  northward  to  Death  Valley  and 
into  the  upper  San  Joaquin  Valley  in  Kern  County  eastward  toward 
Texas.16 

Coachella  and  Imperial  valleys.  There  are  two  blossoming  periods, 
both"  of  which  vary  greatly. 

It  is  reported  a  good  honey  plant  in  the  Imperial  country,  and  some- 
times furnishes  the  last  crop  of  honey  in  that  section.  "It  yields 
immense  quantities  of  light  amber  honey  of  medium  quality."17 

Robinia  pseudacacia  L.  Locust.    False  Acacia. 

Black  Locust. 

Introduced:  different  parts  of  the  State,  grown  usually  as  a  shade 
tree  in  cities  and  towns.    April-May. 

A  surplus  of  white  honey  in  Sacramento  (reported)  and  Marin 
counties,  and  said  not  to  be  a  regular  yielder  in  parts  of  Monterey 
County. 

Trifolium  fucatum  Lindl.  Sour  Clover. 

"Common  in  low  and  often  alkaline  fields:  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys;  Coast  ranges  (Napa  Valley,  Oakland,  Santa  Cruz,  and 
Hollister,  Setchell,  and  elsewhere)."    May- June.    Jepson. 

Considerable  honey  from  the  flowers. 

Trifolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  or  Swedish  Clover. 

Introduced:  cultivated  occasionally  in  different  parts  of  the  State. 
May-June. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

"Jepson,  W.  L.  The  Trees  of  California.  Cunningham,  Curtiss  &  Welch.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1909. 

I7A   B  C  of  Bee  Culture.     Medina,  Ohio,   1903. 


B'ULLETIN  217] 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


1001 


Trifolium  pratense  L. 


Red  Clover.    Pea  Vine  Clover. 
(Mammoth.) 
"Naturalized  in  the  moister  parts  of  northern  California,  and  seem- 
ingly spontaneous  on  the  islands  of  the  Lower   Sacramento.     July- 
October.  ' '    Jepson. 

Beekeepers  in  the  vicinity  of  Sacramento  report  bees  to  work  upon  it. 


Fig.  6. — a  Gorse. 
b  Spring  Vetch. 


Trifolium  repens  L.  White  or  Dutch  Clover.     Fig.  5c. 

' '  The  white  clover  of  our  lawns,  occasionally  appearing  as  an  escape. ' ' 
Abrams.    May- June. 

A  great  deal  of  honey  from  the  flowers.     Not  abundant  enough  in 


1002  UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

California  to  rank  as  a  honey  producer,  yet  it  may  rank  of  importance 
in  the  Klamath  district. 

Ulex  europaeus  L.  Gorse.     Furze.     Fig.  6a. 

On  the  hills  of  Marin  County  favoring  sunny  exposures.  Blooms 
during  all  seasons,  but  most  profusely  during  spring. 

A  very  good  honey  plant. 

Vicia  sativa  L.  Spring  Vetch.     Tare.     Fig.  6b. 

Introduced:  grown  as  a  cover  crop  throughout  the  State.  March- 
April. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Wisteria  (sp.).  Wisteria. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  the  gardens  of  many  of  our  homes. 
March-April. 

Very  much  favored  by  bees  as  a  source  of  honey,  and  apparently  very 
constant  in  nectar  secretion. 

Geraniace^e.     Geranium  Family. 
Erodhim  cicutarium  L.  Her.  Alfilerilla  (Filaree  or  Filere). 

Musk  and  Pin  Clover. 
Pin  Grass.    Heron's  Bill. 
"Hillsides  or  barren  or  dry  soil  everywhere.     Very  common,  begin- 
ning to  flower  in  February  or  March  usually  some  weeks  in  advance  of 
the  last,  and  in  many  places  continuing  through  the  summer. ' '    Jepson. 
"The  prevailing  species  of  the  interior  valleys  and  foothills."    Abrams. 
Considerable  honey  of  good  quality  and  excellent  flavor  in  many 
localities;  an  abundance  of  yellow  pollen.     A  very  important  plant  to 
stimulate  bees  to  breeding. 

Erodhim  moschatum  L.  Her. 

White  stemmed  or  coarse  leaved  filaree  as  contrasted  with  red  stemmed 
or  fine  leaved  filaree  (cicutarium) .  Pin  clover  and  pin  grass  apply  to 
either  species. 

"Abundant  in  rich  lands  of  valley  orchards  and  vineyards.  March- 
April."  Jepson.  "The  more  prevailing  species  in  the  coast  valleys." 
Abrams. 

Xo  distinction  has  been  drawn  between  this  and  the  former  species  as 
to  their  honey  producing  merits. 

Limnanthus  douglasii  R.  Ba.  Marsh  Flower. 

Listed  as  a  honey  plant,  and  as  a  native  to  California  in  the  1910 
edition  of  "A  B  C  &  X  Y  Z  of  Bee  Culture." 

A  well  known  honey  plant  in  England,  where  it  is  cultivated  for  the 
bees. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  1003 

RuTACEiE.     Rue  Family. 
Citrus  acida  Hook.  Lime. 

Introduced :  grown  occasionally  throughout  California. 
Blooming  period  varies. 
Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Citrus  aurantium  L.  et  var.  Orange. 

Introduced:  cultivated  in  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys, 
but  principally  in  southern  California.    March-May. 

Honey,  water  white,  of  heavy  body,  exquisite  aroma  and  superb  flavor : 
granulates  within  a  few  months  after  extraction.  Yet  beekeepers  of 
Lindsay  and  Portersville  report  that  it  does  not  granulate  for  one  or 
more  years.  It  is  more  constant  in  the  secretion  of  nectar  than  is  the 
sage.  The  largest  crops  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  Riverside  and  Red- 
lands.  To  quote  Mr.  McNay  of  Redlands:  "Four  years  out  of  five 
orange  has  yielded  a  fair  crop,  so  I  have  been  able  to  select  and  ship 
one  or  more  carloads  of  pure  orange  bloom  honey  each  year,  except 
1904. "18  "The  scale  hive  showed  that  nearly  all  orange  honey  was 
secured  in  about  five  hours  of  each  day,  from  eleven  to  four  o'clock.19 
Very  warm  weather  often  produces  unusual  nectar  secretion  in  such 
abundance  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  bees  to  gather  all  of  it.  Mr.  R.  K. 
Bishop  of  Orange  County  has  observed  that  the  bees  pay  no  attention 
to  the  large  globules  of  nectar  on  the  leaves,  but  go  direct  to  the  bloom, 
and  it  is  his  contention  that  the  nectar  in  the  bloom  is  much  more  con- 
centrated. 

Citrus  decuman  a  L.  Grape  Fruit.    Pomelo. 

Pumelo.    Shaddock. 

Introduced:  grown  in  similar  situations  as  our  other  citrus  fruits. 
Blooming  period  varies. 

Considerable  honey  from  the  flowers,  but  not  the  equal  of  either  the 
orange  or  the  lemon. 

Citrus  limon  L.  Lemon. 

Introduced:  cultivated  principally  in  the  coast  regions  of  southern 
California.    Blooms  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

Although  a  valuable  honey  plant,  it  does  not  yield  as  well  as  the 
orange.  This  may  be  partly  due  to  the  proximity  of  lemon  orchards  to 
the  coast,  for,  orange  trees  grown  in  similar  regions  do  not  secrete  as 
much  nectar  as  those  of  the  interior  valleys — a  climatic  factor.  (A  more 
striking  example  of  this  will  be  found  in  the  case  of  alfalfa.) 

Citris  nobilis  Lour.  Mandarin.    Kid  Glove  Orange. 

Introduced:  not  common;  cultivated  occasionally  in  different  parts 
of  the  orange  belt.    Blooms  a  little  later  than  the  above. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

lsGleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     July  1,  1906. 
"Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Sept.  1,  1907. 

3— Bul.  217 


1004 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desf . 


SlMABACEiE. 

Tree  of  Heaven. 
Chinese  Sumac.    Varnish  Tree. 
Introduced :  grown  as  an  ornamental  in  some  parts  of  the  State.    June. 
A  wonderful  honey  producer.    The  staminate  bloom  has  a  most  dis- 
agreeable odor.    An  abundance  of  very  ill-tasting  honey. 


Fig.  7. — a  Turkey  Mullein,     b  Poison  Oak. 
c  Laurel  Sumac. 

Euphorbiace^e.     Spurge  Family. 
*C 'rot on  calif  ornicus  Arg. 

' '  Sandy  hills  near  the  ocean,  from  the  San  Francisco  peninsula  south- 
ward to  southern  California ;  also  near  Antioch. ' ,20  Jepson.  ' '  Common 
in  dry  ground  throughout  our  range."    Abrams.    July. 

Bees  visit  the  small  bloom  in  large  numbers. 

*Eremocarpus  setigerus  Benth.  Turkey  Mullein.    Woolly  White 

Drouth  Weed.    Yerba  del  Pascado. 
Fig.  7a. 

20Langstroth,  L.  L.     Hive  and  Honey  Bee.     Chas.  Dadant  &  Son,  Hamilton,  111.     1902. 


BULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  1005 

"Very  abundant  towards  the  interior:  plains  of  the  Sacramento  and 
San  Joaquin;  Sierra  foothills;  low  hills  and  valley  fields  of  the  Coast 
ranges. "    Jepson.    July- August. 

A  thick  amber  honey ;  in  some  localities  aids  the  bees  in  filling  up  for 
winter. 
Euphorbia  pulcherrima  Wild.  Poinsettia. 

Introduced :  grown  in  the  gardens  of  our  homes.    July. 

Much  visited  by  bees;  listed  as  a  honey  plant  in  the  1903  edition  of 
''ABC  of  Bee  Culture." 

Ricinus  communis  L.  Castor  Oil  Plant.    Castor  Bean. 

Palma  Christi. 

"An  introduced  plant,  which  is  becoming  well  established.  In  pro- 
tected places  it  often  becomes  woody  and  tree-like."  Abrams.  June- 
July. 

Much  favored  by  the  bees  and  apparently  a  good  honey  plant ;  pollen. 
Texas  reports  that  "  it  is  an  excellent  honey  producer. '  '21 

Anacardiace^e.     Sumac  Family. 
Rhus  diver siloba  T.  &  G.  Poison  Oak.     Fig.  7b. 

"Everywhere  common  throughout  California.  Flowering  in  April 
and  May. ' '    Jepson. 

Some  localities  in  Monterey  County  report  a  superior  grade  of  white 
thin  honey  which  granulates  very  readily.  Mr.  Pryal,  however,  states 
that  the  honey  is  of  heavy  body.22 

*Rhus  laurina  Nutt.  Laurel  Sumac.     Fig.  7c. 

"Very  common  in  the  foothills  and  extending  well  up  into  the  chap- 
arral; less  common  in  the  interior.    June- July. "    Abrams. 

Amber  honey  with  a  marked  odor,  but  of  a  fine  flavor.  Many  southern 
California  apiaries  get  one  or  more  extractings  from  this  source. 

*Schinus  molle  L.  Pepper  Tree. 

Introduced:  grown  in  southern  California  and  as  far  north  as  San 
Francisco  Bay  region.  Blooms  principally  in  summer,  but  also  in 
spring  and  fall. 

An  excellent  and  regular  producer  of  an  amber  and  strong  flavored 
honey. 

Acerace^e.     Maple  Family. 
Acer  negundo  L.  Ash-leafed  Maple.     Box  Elder. 

"Common  along  streams  from  San  Bernardino  northward:  Contra 
Costa  County,  Sonoma  County,  Sacramento  River.  March-April." 
Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers,  honey  dew  from  the  leaves  in  the  fall. 

"Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Nov.  1,  1907. 

22Pryal,  W.  A.     American  Bee  Journal.     Sept.   1909. 


1006 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


Sapindace^e.     Buckeye  Family. 
Aesculus  calif ornica  Nutt.  California  Buckeye.     Fig  8b. 

"Coast  ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  foothills,  north  to  south  Fork 
Trinity  and  Redding,  and  southward  to  Fort  Tejon  and  Antelope 
Valley."23     June. 

Yields  considerable  honey  in  some  localities.  A  few  beekeepers  in 
the  vicinity  of  Sacramento  believe  they  have  good  evidence  that  the 
honey  poisons  their  bees. 


Fig.  8. — a  California  Water  Weed,     b  California  Buckeye. 

Rhamnacfle.     Buckthorn  Family. 
*Ceanothus  cuneatus  Nutt.  Nuttall's  Ceanothus. 

"Very  abundant  in  the  higher  Coast  ranges  and  in  the  Sierra  foot- 
hills, either  isolated  or  gregarious,  and  forming  impenetrable  and  often 
extensive  thickets.    March-April. ' '    Jepson. 

"Occasional  along  the  southern  rim  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San 
Bernardino  ranges."  Abrams.  Common  in  Santa  Barbara  and  Ven- 
tura counties.     February. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers,  and  no  doubt  a  valuable  plant  for 
early  stimulative  purposes. 

23Jepson,  W.  L.  The  Trees  of  California.  Cunning-ham,  Curtiss  &  Welch.  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1909. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  1007 

Ceanothus  (sp.).  Wild  Lilac  and  others. 

Very  common  throughout  the  Coast  ranges  forming  part  of  the  chap- 
arral belt.    March-May. 

Honey  and  an  abundance  of  yellow  pollen. 

Rhamnus  calif ornica  Esch.  Coffee  Berry.    Buckthorn. 

Cascara  Sagrada  (erroneously). 

' '  Common  everywhere  in  the  Coast  ranges  and  at  low  altitudes  in  the 
Sierra.    June- July. ' '    Jepson.    San  Diego  County.    April-May. 

Yields  an  amber  honey  of  very  heavy  body  in  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  San  Diego  County  reports  the  coffee  berry 
a  good  producer  of  an  amber  honey  of  good  flavor  but  slightly  catharic. 
It  appears  that  Mr.  Herold  of  Sonora  has  very  good  evidence  that  this 
honey  has  poisoned  his  bees. 

'MRhamnns  corcea  Nutt. 

"Mayacamus  mountains  (east  of  Napa  Valley)  and  southward  near 
the  coast ;  Oakland,  etc.    February-May. ' '    Jepson. 

' '  Occasional  on  the  dry  plains  and  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  our  interior 
region."    Abrams.    Common  in  Santa  Barbara  and  Ventura  counties. 

Honey  from  the  flowers.  Of  value  to  induce  early  breeding  in  late 
winter  and  early  spring. 

*Rhamnus  purshiana  D.  C.  Cascara  sagrada.    Chittam. 

' '  Point  Keyes  according  to  Davy ;  scarcely  known  in  our  region,  more 
common  in  northern  California. ' '    Jepson.    May. 

An  excellent  honey  plant  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  producing 
an  amber-colored  honey. 

ViTACEyE.     Vine  Family. 
Ampelopsis  quinquefolia  Michx.         Virginia  Creeper. 

Introduced:  a  common  ornamental  in  our  gardens.    June-July. 

An  abundance  of  pale  yellow  pollen  very  eagerly  sought  after  by  bees. 

Vitis  calif  ornica  Benth.  California  Wild  Grape. 

"Along  streams  throughout  the  Coast  ranges,  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys,  and  Sierra  foothills.    May- June."    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Vitis  vinifera  L.  et  var.  Wine  Grape.    European  Grape. 

Introduced :  grown  almost  everywhere ;  extensively  cultivated  in  many 
of  our  valleys  and  especially  in  Fresno  County.    May-June. 

Some  honey  and  green  pollen.  In  the  fall  where  honey-producing 
plants  are  scarce,  the  bees  often  gather  and  store  considerable  quan- 
tities of  grape  juice  when  the  fruit  becomes  punctured  by  other  insects 
or  birds.  This  juice  sometimes  ferments  in  the  cells  and  causes  dysen- 
tery among  the  bees. 


1008  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION.     ' 

TiLiACEiE.     Lime  or  Linden  Family. 
Tilia  americana  L.  American  Linden.    Basswood. 

Introduced :  grown  occasionally.    Berkeley,  Fresno.    May- June. 

Judging  from  the  way  in  which  bees  worked  upon  a  single  tree  at 
Fresno,  it  should  prove  to  be  an  excellent  source  of  honey  if  grown 
extensively  here. 

Tilia  (sp.). 
Introduced:  single  tree  growing  in  San  Rafael. 
Very  much  worked  upon  by  bees.    May-June. 

Malvaceae.    Mallow  Family. 
Gossypium  herbaceum  L.  Cotton. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  in  the  Imperial  Valley,  and  to  some 
extent  in  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego  counties.    June-August. 

Honey  from  the  flowers.  Of  this  plant  Mr.  Louis  H.  Scholl  of  Texas 
says : ' '  Honey  yield  good,  steady  flow  till  frost,  honey  white  and  of  good 
quality.  Main  source  throughout  cotton  belt.  Nectar  glands  on  ribs 
of  leaves  and  on  bracts  of  buds,  blooms  and  bolls.    June  to  frost. '  '24 

Malva  parvi flora  L.  Small  Flowered  Mallow. 

"Very  common  in  waste  places,  especially  near  dwellings  in  the 
interior  valleys ;  flowering  in  spring  and  early  summer. ' '    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Malva  sylvestris  L.  (albino).  White  Mallow. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    May-June. 
Eagerly  visited  by  bees. 

Sidalcea  malvaeflora  Gray.  Wild  Hollyhock. 

"High  places  of  open  fields  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  plains,  or  in  a 
reduced  form  on  hill  tops.  Last  of  April-May."  Jepson.  Eeported 
along  roads  and  irrigating  ditches  in  Imperial  Valley,  blooming  in 
January. 

The  first  honey  plant  of  any  importance  in  the  Imperial  Valley  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  George  of  that  section. 

Tamaricace.e.     Tamarisk  Family. 
Tamarix  (sp.).  Tamarisk. 

Introduced:  cultivated  in  some  parts  of  the  State.  Santa  Barbara 
and  Fresno  counties.    April-June. 

A  very  great  favorite  with  the  bees. 

Cistace;£.     Rock-Rose  Family. 
*Helianthemum  scoparium  Nutt. 

"Dry  slopes  and  ridges  of  the  Coast  ranges,  from  Lake  County  to 

"Texas  Honey  Plants.     Bull.  No.  102.     Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 


Bulletin  2173 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


1009 


Mt.  Tamalpais  and  southward;  not  common.  April-May."  Jepson. 
1 '  Frequent  on  dry  ridges  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  all  our  mountains  and 
foothills."    Abrams. 

Honey  from  the  flowers  during  July  and  August  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Cactaceje.     Cactus  Family. 
Opuntia  lindheimeri  occidentalis        Prickly  Pear.     Fig.  9. 

Coult. 

' '  Frequent  in  our  valleys  and  foothills  from  Los  Angeles  eastward. ' ' 
Abrams.    Santa  Barbara  and  Ventura  counties.    May-July. 


Fig.  9. — Prickly  Pear. 

Considerable  honey  from  the  flowers.  Of  the  species  engelmanni, 
native  of  Texas.  Mr.  Louis  Scholl  says:  "Of  much  importance  to  the 
beekeeper  especially  during  a  season  of  partial  drouth.  Both  an  abund- 
ance of  honey  and  pollen  was  obtained,  the  honey  being  light  amber  in 
color,  of  heavy  body,  but  'stringy'— so  much  so  that  it  fairly  draws  out 
into  'strings'  when  very  thick.    The  flavor  is  very  rank."25 

25Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Apr.  15,  1907. 


1010  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

MYRTACEiE. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla  R.  Br.26 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.    August-October. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  citriodora  Bailey.  Lemon-Scented  Gum. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  in  many  parts  of  California.  June- 
July. 

A  splendid  yielder  of  nectar. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta  Labill.  Yate  Tree. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   May-August. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  F.  &  M.        Sugar  Gum. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   August-November. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  eugonioides  Sieb.  "White  Stringy  Bark. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   August. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  globulus  Labill.  Blue  Gum. 

Introduced :  extensively  cultivated  throughout  California.  December- 
June. 

Honey,  amber,  of  an  acid  flavor,  heavy  body  and  granulating  within 
a  few  months.  The  blue  gum  is  very  constant  in  nectar  secretion,  even 
in  spite  of  unfavorable  weather,  and,  since  it  is  of  wide  distribution,  con- 
siderable quantities  of  honey  come  from  this  source.  On  account  of  the 
pronounced  flavor  of  eucalyptus  honey  there  is  little  or  no  demand  for 
it  in  retail  trade. 

Eucalyptus  gunnii  Hook.  Cider  Gum. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   April-May. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  lehmannii  Preis. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   August-September. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

ee  Bull.  No.  196  of  this  Station  concerning  "The  Eucalyptus  as  Bee  Pasture." 


Bulletin  217]  HONEY  PLANTS  OP  CALIFORNIA.  1011 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  F.  &  M.  White  Ironbark. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   November-April. 

Reported  to  be  a  great  honey  producer,  with  a  beautiful  flavor,  much 
like  a  vanilla  extract. 

Eucalyptus  maculata  Hook.  Spotted  Gum. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   May-June. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  melliodora  Cunn.  Honey-Scented  Gum. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   January-June. 

Very  eagerly  visited  by  bees.  It  secretes  nectar  constantly  throughout 
its  long  blooming  period. 

Eucalyptus  polyanthema  Schau.         Red  Box  Tree. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   February-April. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  phaceafolia. 

Southern  California;  rare. 

A  wonderful  producer  of  a  water-white  honey,  and  according  to 
Mr.  M.  H.  Mendleson  of  Ventura,  as  many  as  three  bees  at  one  time  have 
been  observed  to  sip  up  from  a  single  blossom  as  much  nectar  as  it  was 
possible  for  them  to  carry  off. 

Eucalyptus  resinifera  Smith.  Red  Mahogany  Gum. 

Kino  Eucalypt. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   August-September. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  robusta  Smith.  Swamp  Mahogany  Gum. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  many  parts  of  California.  Novem- 
ber-March. 

An  excellent  honey  tree,  yielding  more  nectar  than  globulus  and  as 
much  as  melliodora.  These  three  trees,  with  leucoxylon,  appear  to  be 
the  most  favored  by  California  beekeepers. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata  Schlecht,  Red  Gum. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  in  many  parts  of  California.  May- 
July. 

Considerable  honey  from  the  flowers;  may  prove  of  much  value  to 
the  Imperial  Valley  beekeepers. 


1012  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Eucalyptus  siderophlora  Benth.         Broad  (Large)  Leaved  Ironbark. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   October-November,  also  January. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  rosea  Cunn.  Victoria  Ironbark.    Red  Ironbark. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   December,  also  March. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  stuartiana  F.  &  M.  Apple-Scented  Gum. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   April. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis  Smith.  Forest  Gray  Gum.    Flooded  Gum. 

Introduced :  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   May- July. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis  Labill.  Manna  Gum. 

Introduced:  University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  else- 
where.   July-August. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

ONAGRACEiE. 

Godetia  bottae  Spach. 
Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    June. 
Very  rich  in  nectar. 

Jussiaea  calif ornica  Jepson.  California  Waterweed.     Fig.  8a. 

"Regions  of  the  lower  Sacramento  and  the  lower  San  Joaquin,  par- 
ticularly in  tide  sloughs.    July-September. ' '    Jepson. 

Considerable  honey  from  the  flowers  and  supposed  to  be  very  ill- 
tasting  in  flavor. 

Umbelliferje.     Parsley  Family. 
Daucus  cariota  L.  Carrot. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  many  parts  of  California. 

Honey  white,  with  a  characteristic  flavor  and  granulating  within  a 
few  months  after  extraction.  A  most  excellent  yielder  in  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley,  where  it  is  considered  to  surpass  the  onion  as  a  honey 
plant. 

Eryngium  articulatum  Hook.  Blue  Thistle.     Fig.  10a. 

' '  Common  in  the  Suisun  marshes ;  should  be  looked  for  in  the  Alva- 
rado  marshes.  August-September."  Jepson.  Common  along  Cosumnes 
River,  August-October. 

A  dark  honey,  but  good  in  flavor. 


BULLETIN  2173 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


1013 


Foeniculem  vulgare  Gaertn.  Sweet  Fennel. 

Cummin.     Fig.  10b. 

"Waste  places  on  old  farms  and  by  country  lanes,  flowering  in 
summer:  Solano  County,  Napa  Valley,  Berkeley,"  etc.  Jepson.  "In 
waste  places  and  along  streets."  Abrams.  Along  roadsides  in  Santa 
Barbara  and  Ventura  counties.    May- April. 

A  good  honey  plant,  producing  a  light  amber  honey. 


Fig.    10. 


-a   Blue  Thistle,     b    Sweet   Fennel. 
d  Caterpillar  Phacelia. 


c   Dodder. 


SYMPETALAE. 

Ericaceae.     Heath  Family. 
Arbutus  menziesii  Hook.  Madrona. 

"Occasional  in  northern  Sierra  foothills  and  very  common  in  the 
Coast  ranges,  especially  northward.    April."    Jepson. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 


1014  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Arctostaphylos  (sp.).  Manzanita.    Bear  Berry. 

Throughout  Coast  ranges;  Sierra  Nevada  foothills,  and  San  Bernar- 
dino Mountain  (2,000  to  9,000  feet).    November-February. 

Honey  amber  and  of  excellent  flavor,  much  like  manzanita  itself 
(Colusa  County)  ;  pollen.  San  Diego  County  reports  a  white  honey 
from  the  manzanita.  One  of  our  most  important  honey  plants  to 
induce  bees  to  early  breeding.  In  some  parts  of  Monterey,  Colusa,  and 
El  Dorado  counties  a  20  to  40  pound  surplus  is  obtained,  and  on  very 
warm  days  (Monterey  County)  nectar  can  be  shaken  from  the  bloom. 
A  beekeeper  of  Applegate  reports  it  to  be  his  best  honey  yielder.27 

Primulaceje.     Primrose  Family. 
Dodecatheon  (sp.).  Shooting  Star. 

Reported  to  furnish  pollen  in  considerable  quantities  in  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley. 

Oleace^e.     Olive  or  Ash  Family. 
Fraxinus  oregona  Nutt.  Oregon  Ash. 

"Along  the  Sacramento  River  and  Coast  Range  streams,  especially 
toward  the  coast.    April-May."    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Ligustrum  japonicum  Thumb.  Japan  Privet. 

Listed  as  a  honey  plant  from  California  in  the  1910  edition  of 
"A  B  C  &  X  Y  Z  of  Bee  Culture." 

Olea  europaea  L.  et  var.  Olive. 

Introduced:  under  general  cultivation  throughout  California.  April- 
May. 

Mr.  T.  O.  Andrews  of  Corona  and  Mr.  B.  B.  Hogaboom  of  Elk  Grove 
report  that  bees  work  well  upon  olive  bloom.  The  olive  tree  is  also  well 
known  as  a  source  of  honey  in  Spain,28  yet  the  writer's  apiary  (Santa 
Barbara,  1909)  is  within  easy  distance  of  5,000  olive  trees,  but  he  has 
never  seen  more  than  two  or  three  bees  on  any  single  tree,  and  they  only 
were  collecting  pollen. 

AscLBPiADACEiE.     Milkweed  Family. 
Asclepias  mexicana  Cav.  Milkweed. 

"Forming  patches  in  dry  ground;  distributed  throughout  California, 
but  not  near  the  coast  within  our  limits. ' '    July-September.    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers.  The  pollen  grains  of  each  anther  are  col- 
lected into  a  compact  mass,  each  such  mass  being  encased  in  sacs  by  a 
thread-like  substance,  at  the  end  of  which  is  situated  a  minute  viscous 
gland.  The  bees  frequently  become  entangled  herein,  and  sometimes  so 
much  so  that  they  perish  in  considerable  numbers. 

27Penn,  Enoch.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Mar.  15,  1906. 
28Sefior  Miguel  Pons.     Fabregeus,  Barcelona. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY  PLANTS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  1015 

Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.  Milkweed. 

"  Along  streams,  Solano  County,  common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
Marin,  Contra  Costa,  and  Alameda  counties,  according  to  Green.  Last 
of  May- July. ' '    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers.  This  species  also  possesses  these  viscous 
glands. 

Convolvulace^e.     Morning  Glory  Family. 
Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Morning  Glory.    Common  Bind- 

weed. 
Very  wide  distribution  throughout  California.    May-July. 
Bees  work  upon  the  bloom  in  the  vicinity  of  Sacramento,  and  it 
appears,  at  times,  store  some  hcney. 

Cuscuta  (sp.).  Dodder.     Gold  Thread. 

Love  Vine.     Fig  10c. 
A  parasite  on  many  of  our  plants,  including  some  of  our  best 
honey  flora,  such  as  the  willow,  poison  oak,  figwort,  wild  alfalfa,  wild 
buckwheat,  sages,  alfalfa  and  others.     Flowering  from  June  to  Sep- 
tember, according  to  species. 

Bees  visit  the  small  white  flowers  very  freely  and  no  doubt  gather 
some  honey. 

POLEMONCIACEiE. 

Oilia  chamissonis. 
Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    May-June. 
An  abundance  of  sky-blue  pollen. 

HYDROPHYLLACE.E.     Phacelia  Family. 
*Eriodictyon  trichocalyx  Eas.  Yerba  Santa. 

Ventura  County.    June- July.    Not  listed  by  Jepson  or  Abrams. 
An  excellent  honey  plant  frequently  yielding  a  surplus. 

Phacelia  distans  Benth.  Hill  Vervenia. 

"Higher  hills  of  the  Coast  ranges  from  Napa  Valley  to  Mt.  Tamalpais, 
the  ocean  at  Bodega  (where  first  collected),  and  southward.  April." 
Jepson.  "Very  common  in  the  plains  and  foothills.  March-April. ' ' 
Abrams. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

*  Phacelia  hispida  Gray.  Caterpillar  Phacelia.     Fig.  lOd. 

"Very  common  in  the  chaparral  belt  in  open  grassy  places.  April- 
June."    Abrams.    Common  in  Ventura  County.    June-July. 

"The  honey  is  water  white,  and  of  fine  flavor;  but  it  candies,  soon 
after  it  is  extracted,  to  the  consistency  of  fine  paste.29  I  extracted  a 
carload  from  phacelia  before  the  sages  came  in. '  '30 

29Menclleson,  M.  H.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Dec.  15,  1908. 
30Mencllesc-n,  M.  H.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Oct.  1,  1908. 


1016  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

*Phacelia  ramosissima  Dougl. 

1 '  Colusa  and  Lake  counties  southward  to  Santa  Cruz.  Sierra  Nevada. 
June- July."     Jepson.     Southern  California.     April-June. 

A  fair  honey  plant,  but  not  the  equal  of  either  of  the  three  other 
species  herein  listed. 

*Phacelia  tenacetifolia  Benth.  Valley  Vervenia. 

''Plains  and  valleys:  Marysville  Buttes;  Sacramento  Valley;  Vallejo. 
Greene  1874.    Tracy.    April."    Jepson. 

"The  honey  is  light  amber,  some  times  light  green  and  of  a  mild, 
aromatic  flavor.  The  sky-blue  pollen  comes  from  it  alone. '  '31  Some  San 
Joaquin  Valley  beekeepers  call  this  plant ' '  Fiddle  neck. ' ' 

Wigandia  (sp.). 

Introduced :  Orange  County  and  probably  elsewhere. 

Mr.  R.  K.  Bishop  of  the  above  county  considers  it  one  of  the  best 
honey  plants  he  has  seen. 

Boraginace^e.     Borage  Family. 
*Heliotr  opium  curassavicum  L.  Common  or  Wild  Heliotrope. 

Chinese  Pusley.    Imperial  County. 
"Common  along  the  seashore,  in  stream  beds,  and  in  low  moist  or 
alkaline  lands  throughout  California.    June-November."    Jepson. 
Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Heliotropium  (sp.).  Cultivated  Heliotrope. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  the  gardens  in  towns  and  cities. 
Honey  from  the  flowers.    May- August. 

Tournefortia  heliotropoides  Hook. 
Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    June. 
Some  honey  from  the  flowers. 

Verbenace^e.     Verbena  Family. 
Duranta  plumieri  J  acq.  Golden  Dew  Drop.    Tropical  Lilac. 

Pigeon  Berry. 
Introduced :  grown  as  a  hedge  plant  in  our  gardens. 
Mr.  Morrison  says,  ' '  bees  go  crazy  over  it. '  '33 

Lippia  lanceolata  Michx. 

"Common  on  muddy  banks  of  the  islands  lying  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  rivers;  Grand  Island;  Bouldin 
Island,"  etc.  Jepson.  "Occasional  along  slow-running  streams  in 
marshy  places.    June-August."    Abrams. 

Valued  as  a  honey  plant,  but  not  to  the  extent  as  is  the  following : 

81Horn,  H.  E.     American  Bee  Keeper.     March,  1904. 
"Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     Aug.  1,  1905. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY  PLANTS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  1017 

Lippia  nodiflora  Michx.  Carpet  Grass.    Mat  Grass. 

Fog  Fruit.     Fig.  11a. 

"  Lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  especially  on  river  banks. 
July-September. ' '    Jepson.    Sacramento  Valley,  May-October. 

The  beekeepers  in  the  regions  surrounding  Sacramento  report  the 
honey  light,  of  mild  flavor,  good  body  and  granulating  with  a  very  fine 
grain.  One  of  the  leading  honey  plants  of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  com- 
mencing to  yield  about  the  middle  of  May,  and  lasting  till  frost.  If  the 
coast  beekeepers  are  anxious  for  bountiful  rains,  it  is  not  so  with  their 
Sacramento  brothers,  for,  the  earlier  the  Sacramento  River  recedes,  the 
sooner  are  the  slopes  of  carpet  grass  bordering  the  river  drained  of  all 
excess  water,  a  condition  which  means  a  sooner  and  better  flow  of 
nectar.  Three  fourths  of  the  honey  output  of  Sutter  County  is  reported 
to  be  from  carpet  grass.  Mr.  J.  J.  Thornber  of  the  University  of 
Arizona  says  that  nodiflora  is  also  known  under  the  trade  name  of 
repens.34  As  a  honey  producer  in  central  Texas  it  is  absolutely  worth- 
less.35 

Lippia  repens  Hort.  Lippia.     Lawn  Plant.     Fig.  lib. 

Introduced:  cultivated  as  a  lawn  in  many  of  our  homes,  especially 
in  southern  California.    May- August. 

Continually  visited  by  bees  while  in  bloom.  Introduced  from  Rome 
by  Dr.  F.  F.  Franceschi  of  Santa  Barbara,  less  than  ten  years  ago,  and 
to-day  not  only  are  thousands  of  acres  naturalized  to  this  lippia  in  our 
State,  but  also  in  Arizona,  Mexico,  Australia,  and  other  countries.36 
This  plant  seeds  from  October  to  February,  and  takes  six  weeks  to 
mature.    Cuttings  may  be  planted  at  any  time. 

Verbena  prostrata  R.  Br.  "Wild  Verbena. 

Common  Vervain.     Fig.  lie. 

''Dry,  open  hill  country  throughout  western  California;  Humboldt 
County,  Sonoma  and  Vacaville,  southward  to  Alameda  County,  Santa 
Clara  County,  and  southern  California.     July-September. ' '     Jepson. 

Reported  to  yield  considerable  honey  in  some  localities  along  the  coast. 

Labaitle.     Mint  Family. 
*Marrubium  vulgare  L.  Horehound.    Fig.  lid. 

"Common  weed  of  old  fields  and  waste  places  about  farms  and  vil- 
lages everywhere  in  the  Coast  ranges,  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
valleys,  Sierra  foothills  and  southern  California.  Evergreen  with  us. 
July-September."    Jepson.    Southern  California.    May- June. 

A  splendid  yielder  of  dark  amber  honey,  too  strong  and  dark  for 

"Timely  Hints  for  Farmers.    No.  83.    Arizona  Agri.  Exp.  Sta. 
35Sholl,  Louis  H.     The  Southern  Queen.     Aug.  1903. 

86"Behavior  of  Alien  Plants  at  Santa  Barbara."  Address  before  American  Breeders' 
Association  at  Omaha,  Neb.,  Dec.   8-10,   1909. 


1018  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


I ■']<;.    11. — a   Carpet  Grass,     b   Lippia.     c  Wild  Verbena,     d  Horehound.     e  Tule 
Mint,     f  Thistle  Sage,     g  Purple  Sage,     h  White  Sage,     i  Black  Sage. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY  PLANTS   OF   CALIFORNIA.  1019 

table  use,  but  is  used  largely  in  medicine.  This  honey  is  reported  by 
some  Ventura  County  beekeepers  to  be  of  a  light  color  with  a  greenish 
tinge.  It  is,  however,  probably  wild  alfalfa  honey,  with  a  slight  addi- 
tion of  horehound,  for  this  honey  is  very  aromatic,  and  requires  but  a 
small  amount  to  impart  to  any  honey  its  characteristic  flavor.  Ventura 
and  Los  Angeles  counties  produce  horehound  in  considerable  quantities. 
Considered  a  pest  on  a  sage  range,  for  if  its  nectar  is  gathered  in  even 
small  quantities,  the  color  and  flavor  of  sage  is  impaired. 

Mentha  canadensis  L.  Tule  Mint.     Fig.  lie. 

'  *  Common  in  marshes ;  lower  Sacramento  and  lower  San  Joaquin,  San 
Francisco  Bay.  August-September."  Jepson.  Sacramento  County. 
July-October. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Mentha  spicata  L.  Peppermint.    Spearmint. 

"Rather  common  in  wet  places :  Berkeley ;  Napa  Valley,  Lake  County. 
Naturalized."  Jepson.  Common  in  lower  San  Joaquin  Valley. 
August-October. 

In  Sacramento  County  and  southward,  yielding  a  great  abundance  of 
a  dark  amber-colored  honey. 

Micromeria  chamissonis  Greene.  Yerba  Buena. 

"Common  in  woods  near  the  coast:  Humboldt  County,  Berkeley,  San 
Francisco,  Belmont,  Monterey  County,  and  southward  to  southern 
California.  June."  Jepson.  "Santa  Monica  mountains  in  shady 
places  not  common.     May- June."    Abrams. 

Considered  a  fair  honey  plant  in  some  localities. 

*"Monardella  lanceolata  Gray.  (Western)  Pennyroyal. 

"Sierra  foothills  or  at  middle  elevations."    Jepson. 

"Frequent  in  dry  ground  in  the  interior  region  in  the  valleys  and 
mountains.    June- August. "    Abrams.    In  canyons  of  Ventura  County. 

A  honey  plant  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains. 

*  Salvia  amabilis.  Loving  Sage. 

Introduced  species  grown  in  Santa  Barbara.    March-June. 
Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*  Salvia  apiana  Jep.  White  Sage.     Fig.  llh.     Fig.  12a. 

"Very  common  on  the  dry  plains  toward  the  foothills  and  ascending 
these  to  about  3,000  feet.  April- July. ' '  Abrams.  Common  from  Santa 
Barbara  County  southward.     May- August.     (Audibertia  polystachia.) 

Honey  white,  of  superior  flavor  and  body,  and  believed  not  to  granu- 
late. As  abundant  as  the  black  sage,  but  not  as  good  a  yielder  nor  has 
the  honey  as  fine  a  flavor. 

4— Bul.  217 


1020 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Salvia  carduacea  Benth.  Thistle  or  Annual  Sage.     Fig.  llf . 

" Inner  south  Coast  Range  valleys  (Contra  Costa  County  and  south- 
ward), and  throughout  the  San  Joaquin  Valley;  southern  California, 
June. ' '    Jepson. 

"Occasional  in  sandy  soil  in  all  the  valleys  and  in  the  foothills. 
March-May. ' '    Ab  rams . 

Honey,  white  and  of  excellent  flavor;  a  well  known  honey  plant  in 
many  of  the  above  sections. 

Salvia  columbariae  Benth.  Chia.    Annual  Sage. 

"Throughout  the  Coast  ranges,  Sierra  Nevada,  and  southern  Cali- 
fornia, on  hill  and  mountain  slopes.    April-May. ' '    Jepson. 

"Frequent  throughout  our  range  in  the  foothills  and  on  the  plains. 
March-May. ' '    Abrams. 

A  white  honey  of  excellent  quality,  yielding  a  surplus  in  Monterey 
County  and  elsewhere. 


Fig.  12. — a  White  Sage,     b  Purple  Sage,     c  Black  Sage. 

^Salvia  leucophylla.  Purple,  White  Leaved  and 

Silver  Sage.     Fig.  llg.     Fig.  12b. 

"Occasional  in  the  foothills  of  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Fernando 
mounttains.  April- July . ' '  Abrams.  From  San  Luis  Obispo  to  San 
Diego  counties,  and  not  extending  inland  beyond  the  Coast  ranges. 
(Audihertia  nivea  Benth.) 

Honey,  water  white;  unexcelled  flavor;  of  heavy  body  and  does  not 
granulate.  Not  as  abundant  as  the  black  or  white  sages,  but  a  splendid 
yielder  and  the  finest  flavored  of  the  sage  honey.  Attacked  by  a 
sage  worm.  This  species  probably  crosses  with  both  S.  mellifera  and 
S.  apiana. 


BULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  1021 

^Salvia  mellifera  Greene.  Black,  Ball,  Button  and  Bine  Sage. 

Fig.  Hi.     Fig.  12c. 

"Mt.  Diablo,  Los  Trampas  Ridge,  near  Hay  ward,  San  Mateo  County, 
Glenwood  and  Loma  Prieta,  southward  to  southern  California.  April- 
May.'  '  Jepson.  Coast  ranges  and  ascending  to  5,000  feet  in  the  San 
Bernardino  mountains.  March- June.  (Audibertia  stachyoides  Benth.) 
San  Diego  County,  February-May. 

Honey,  water  white  and  of  a  rich  and  delicious  flavor ;  of  heavy  body 
especially  north  of  San  Luis  Obispo;  does  not  granulate;  moderate 
amount  of  yellow  pollen.  This  is  the  best  honey  producer  on  the  coast, 
the  flow  being  dependent  upon  winter  rains  with  a  warm  spring  quite 
free  from  cold  winds  and  fog.  When  in  bloom  a  certain  amount  of 
warm  weather  is  required  before  it  will  produce  nectar.  As  a  general 
rule,  every  fifth  year  an  excellent  crop  is  obtained,  and  every  third  or 
fourth  year  a  total  failure  is  experienced.  That  which  is  commonly 
known  as  "California  White  Sage  Honey"  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Europe  is  not  from  the  white  sage,  but  the  black  sage.  The 
white  sage  yields  comparatively  little  honey  as  compared  with  either  the 
black  or  purple  sage.  The  sage  worm,  in  cloudy  weather,  often  becomes 
abundant  enough  to  destroy  much  of  the  bloom.  Dodder  and  a  rust 
(Puccinia)  also  do  damage  in  certain  localities.  There  is  a  cross 
between  this  species  and  8.  apiana.  For  the  correct  botanical  history  of 
the  melliferous  sages,  see  H.  M.  Hall,  Pacific  Rural  Press,  February  22, 
1908. 

*  Salvia  sonomensis  Greene.  Creeping  Sage.     Ramona. 

"Montana  species  at  middle  altitudes,  Ramona,  mountains  west  of 
Calistoga,  Mt.  Shasta,  Calaveras,  and  Mariposa  counties,  San  Diego 
County.  May."  Jepson.  Also  June.  Sierra  foothills  from  Sierra  to 
Inyo  counties,  usually  in  shaded  situations.  April  1-May  15.  {Audi- 
bertia humilis  Benth.    Ramona  humilis  Greene.) 

Honey,  water  white  and  of  excellent  flavor ;  the  main  source  of  honey 
in  many  of  the  above  districts.    Believed  not  to  granulate. 

^Salvia  spathaceae   Greene.  Humming  Bird  Sage. 

Crimson  Sage. 

"Coast  ranges  from  the  Vaca  mountains,  Mt.  Diablo  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, southward  to  Santa  Monica.  April-May."  Jepson.  (Audibertia 
glandiflora  Benth.) 

This  has  often  been  termed  a  honey  plant,  but  the  corollas  are  much 
too  deep  for  bees.  The  humming  bird  appears  to  be  the  only  visitor  of 
this  bloom. 

Satureia  montana  L.  Winter  Savory. 

Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    June. 
Much  liked  by  bees. 


1022  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Stachys  ajugiodes  Benth. 

"Everywhere  common  in  low  lands  in  the  Coast  ranges  and  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  valleys."    May- August.    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Stachys  alb  ens  Gray.  White  Hedge  Nettle. 

' '  Along  rivulets  or  near  springs  in  the  dry  inner  Coast  ranges,  Knox- 
ville  grade  to  Lower  Lake,  Livermore  Pass,  Pacheco  Pass.  July- 
August."    Jepson.    Fresno  County.    June. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Stachys  bullata  Benth.  Hedge  Nettle. 

' '  The  most  common  species,  found  everywhere  among  the  low  hills  of 
the  Coast  ranges.    March-April."    Jepson. 

"It  is  very  rich  in  nectar  and  furnishes  considerable  forage  for  the 
bees."37    ' 

Trichostema  lancealatum  Benth.        Blue  Curls.     Vinegar  Weed.     Pur- 
ple Blue  Curls   (Orange  County). 
Mustang     (Sacramento     County). 
Camphor  Weed   (Tulare  County). 
Nigger    Weed     (San    Bernardino 
County).     Flea    Weed(    Los    An- 
geles County).     Fig.  13a. 
"Dry  plains  and  low  hills  throughout  the  Coast  ranges,  southern 
California   to    Saratoga,    Los    Gatos,   Alvarado,    Lafayette,    Vacaville, 
Winters,  Healdsburg,  and  northward.    Sierra  foothills.    A  bee  plant  in 
Fresno  County,  where  it  abounds  in  many  localities,  and  "yields  a 
white    honey    that    granulates    remarkably    quick."      0.    L.    Abbott. 
August-September.     Jepson.     "Frequent  in  dry  fields,  especially  on 
the  mesas  of  our  interior  valleys.    June-September."    Abrams. 

San  Bernardino  mountains  (2,300  feet),  Ventura  County  and  Santa 
Ynez  Valley.     Sacramento  Valley.    August-November. 

A  milk-white  honey,  and  one  of  our  quickest  honeys  to  granulate, 
doing  so  with  a  very  fine  grain.  This  honey  has  often  been  observed 
to  granulate  in  the  cells  before  the  bees  were  ready  to  seal  them.  Blue 
curls  usually  commences  to  yield  in  August  and  continues  till  frost.  A 
beekeeper  of  Fresno  reports  that  should  a  light  rain  fall  during  Septem- 
ber, a  terrific  flow  will  follow  and  tons  of  honey  are  stored  by  the  bees. 
Some  beekeepers  in  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  maintain  that  a 
September  rain  decreases  the  flow  of  nectar  from  blue  curl.  A  very 
attractive  table  honey  when  sold  in  small  crystallized  blocks,  yet  the 
bulk  of  this  honey  goes  to  biscuit  manufacturers. 

"Pryal,  W.  A.     American  Bee  Journal.     April,   1909. 


B'ULLETIN  217] 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


1023 


Sckophulariace;e.     Figwort  Family. 
*Scrophularia  calif ornica  Cham.        California  Figwort.     Fig.  13b. 

"Common  in  moist  places,  mostly  along  gulches  in  the  hills,  Coast 
ranges,  Sierra  Nevada,  southern  California.  May- June."  Jepson.  In 
southern  California  blooms  as  early  as  March. 


Fig.  13. — a  Blue  Curls,     b  California  Figwort.     c  Button 
Willow. 

Excellent  honey  plant,  and  although  it  is  never  abundant,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  some  figwort  honey  is  stored. 

Scrophularia  vernalis.  Simpson 's  Honey  Plant. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  by  M.  H.  Mendleson  of  Ventura. 
April-June. 

Thrives  as  well  as  does  our  native  species,  and  is  much  visited  by  the 
bees. 

Veronica  andersonii  L.  &  P. 
Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    June. 


1022  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

St achy s  ajugiodes  Benth. 

"Everywhere  common  in  low  lands  in  the  Coast  ranges  and  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  valleys."    May- August.    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

St achy s  alb  ens  Gray.  White  Hedge  Nettle. 

"Along  rivulets  or  near  springs  in  the  dry  inner  Coast  ranges,  Knox- 
ville  grade  to  Lower  Lake,  Livermore  Pass,  Pacheco  Pass.  July- 
August."    Jepson.    Fresno  County.    June. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Stachys  bullata  Benth.  Hedge  Nettle. 

' '  The  most  common  species,  found  everywhere  among  the  low  hills  of 
the  Coast  ranges.    March-April. "    Jepson. 

"It  is  very  rich  in  nectar  and  furnishes  considerable  forage  for  the 
bees."37 

Tricho sterna  lancealatum  Benth.        Blue  Curls.     Vinegar  "Weed.     Pur- 
ple Blue  Curls   (Orange  County). 
Mustang     (Sacramento     County). 
Camphor  Weed   (Tulare  County). 
Nigger    Weed     (San    Bernardino 
County).     Flea    Weed(    Los    An- 
geles County).     Fig.  13a. 
"Dry  plains  and  low  hills  throughout  the  Coast  ranges,  southern 
California   to    Saratoga,    Los    Gatos,   Alvarado,    Lafayette,    Vacaville, 
Winters,  Healdsburg,  and  northward.    Sierra  foothills.    A  bee  plant  in 
Fresno  County,  where  it  abounds  in  many  localities,  and  "yields  a 
white    honey    that    granulates    remarkably    quick."      0.    L.    Abbott. 
August-September.     Jepson.     "Frequent  in  dry  fields,  especially  on 
the  mesas  of  our  interior  valleys.    June-September."    Abrams. 

San  Bernardino  mountains  (2,300  feet),  Ventura  County  and  Santa 
Ynez  Valley.     Sacramento  Valley.    August-November. 

A  milk-white  honey,  and  one  of  our  quickest  honeys  to  granulate, 
doing  so  with  a  very  fine  grain.  This  honey  has  often  been  observed 
to  granulate  in  the  cells  before  the  bees  were  ready  to  seal  them.  Blue 
curls  usually  commences  to  yield  in  August  and  continues  till  frost.  A 
beekeeper  of  Fresno  reports  that  should  a  light  rain  fall  during  Septem- 
ber, a  terrific  flow  will  follow  and  tons  of  honey  are  stored  by  the  bees. 
Some  beekeepers  in  the  San  Bernardino  mountains  maintain  that  a 
September  rain  decreases  the  flow  of  nectar  from  blue  curl.  A  very 
attractive  table  honey  when  sold  in  small  crystallized  blocks,  yet  the 
bulk  of  this  honey  goes  to  biscuit  manufacturers. 

"Pryal,  W.  A.     American  Bee  Journal.     April,   1909. 


Bulletin  217] 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


1023 


Sckophulariace^e.     Figwort  Family. 
*Scrophularia  calif ornica  Cham.        California  Figwort.     Fig.  13b. 

"Common  in  moist  places,  mostly  along  gulches  in  the  hills,  Coast 
ranges,  Sierra  Nevada,  southern  California.  May- June."  Jepson.  In 
southern  California  blooms  as  early  as  March. 


.1 


'  mm 


Fig.  13. — a  Blue  Curls,     b  California  Figwort.     c  Button 
Willow. 

Excellent  honey  plant,  and  although  it  is  never  abundant,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  some  figwort  honey  is  stored. 

Scrophularia  vernalis.  Simpson's  Honey  Plant. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  by  M.  H.  Mendleson  of  Ventura. 
April-June. 

Thrives  as  well  as  does  our  native  species,  and  is  much  visited  by  the 
bees. 

Veronica  andcrsonii  L.  &  P. 
Botanical  gardens  of  the  University  of  California.    June. 


1024  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

Plantaginace^e.     Plantago  Family. 
Plantago  major  L.  Common  Plantain.    Buck  Plantain. 

' '  Not  uncommon  in  low  fields  and  waste  places. ' '    Jepson.    May- June. 
Honey  and  white  pollen  from  the  flowers  during  the  forenoon. . 

Rubiace.e.     Madder  Family. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.  Button  Willow. 

Button  Bush.     Fig.  13c. 

"Common  along  interior  streams,  especially  the  San  Joaquin  and 
Sacramento  rivers,  some  times  growing  40  feet  in  height.  August-Sep- 
tember."   Jepson.    Sacramento  Valley,  July. 

Honey  very  light  in  color  and  of  a  mild  flavor.  A  good  honey  plant 
in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  but  not  abundant  enough  to  figure  as  a  good 
surplus  yielder.  The  button  bush  is  well  known  as  a  honey  plant  along 
the  Mississippi  River. 

Caprifoliace.e.     Honeysuckle  Family. 
Lonicera  (sp.).  Wild  Honeysuckle. 

Common  throughout  California.    May-June. 
Reported  to  yield  some  honey. 

Lonicera  caprifolium  L.  Cultivated  Honeysuckle. 

Introduced :  a  common  vine  in  the  gardens  of  our  homes. 
Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*Sambucus  glauca  Nutt.  Blue  Elderberry. 

1 '  Common  in  open  woods  or  canyons  of  the  lower  hill  country,  or  at 
middle  altitudes,  or  along  stream  banks  in  the  valleys:  Coast  ranges, 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys,  Sierra  Nevada.  May- August." 
Jepson.  i  l  Frequent  on  low  hills  and  in  wastes  in  all  the  valleys.  May- 
June.  ' '    Abrams. 

No  honey ;  excellent  as  a  source  of  pollen  of  a  yellow  color. 

Cucurbitace^:.     Gourd  Family. 
Citrullus  vulgaris  Schacl.  Watermelon. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  throughout  California.     May- August. 
Considerable  honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Cucumis  melo  L.  et  var.  Cantaloupe.    Muskmelon. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  throughout  California,  especially  in 
the  Imperial  Valley.     January-May. 

Reported  to  be  of  importance  in  the  Imperial  Valley  for  its  yield  of 
pollen  during  the  early  part  of  spring. 

Cucumis  sativus  L.  Cucumber. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  throughout  California.     May- August. 
Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 


Bulletin  217] 


HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


1025 


Cucurbita  pepo  L.  Pumpkin. 

Introduced : 'under  cultivation  throughout  California.     May- August. 

An  amber  honey  granulating  very  rapidly  and  containing  a  great 
deal  of  pollen. 

Cucurbita  maxima  Duchesne.  Summer  Crookneck  Squash. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  throughout  California.     May- August. 
Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Cucurbita  moschata  Duchesne.  Winter  Crookneck  Squash. 

Introduced:  under  cultivation  throughout  California.     May- August. 
Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Composat^e.     Sunflower  Family. 
Anthemis  cotula  L.  May  Weed.    Dog  Fennel.    Fig.  14a. 

"Very  common  late  spring  or  summer  weed  in  pastures  and  neglected 
lands  throughout  California."    Jepson. 

Light  yellow,  but  very  bitter-flavored  honey;  pollen. 

Blooming  as  it  does  between  the  spring  and  summer  it  has  proved  to 
be  of  considerable  value  to  many  Sacramento  Valley  beekeepers. 


m    f&JWto 


Fig.   14. — a  May  Weed,     b  Common  Sunflower,     c  Coast  Tarweed.      d  Tarwed. 
e  Yellow  Tarweed.     f  Western  Goldenrod. 


Artemisia  calif ornica  Less.  Sage  Brush.    Old  Man. 

Hill  Brush. 
"Common  on  hills  of  the  upper  Sonora  zone,  from  lower  California 
north  to  San  Francisco  Bay ;  most  plentiful  towards  the  coast. ' '    Hall. 


1026  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Much  valued  for  its  very  early  and  abundant  pollen.  The  sage  brush 
is  often  mistaken  for  the  true  sages  which  belong  to  the  genus  Salvia 
and  not  Artemisia. 

Bidens  frondosa  L.  Beggar  Ticks. 

"Lower  Sacramento  River;  very  common.    September."    Jepson. 

Listed  as  a  honey  plant  in  the  1910  editions  of"ABC&XYZof 
Bee  Culture." 

*  Bidens  pilosa  L.  Spanish  Needle. 

"A  native  of  the  tropics;  frequent  in  southern  California  as  a  weed." 
Hall.    June-July. 

A  light  amber  honey. 

Centaur ea  cyanus  L.  Cornflower. 

Introduced :  under  cultivation  in  many  of  our  homes.    May- June. 
Honey  and  pale  yellow  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Centaurea  melitensis  L.  Napa  Thistle.    Tocalote. 

"Abundant  everywhere  in  agricultural  lands  and  pastured  hills. 
May- June. ' '    Jepson. 

Reported  to  yield  some  pollen  in  the  San  Bernardino  mountains,  but 
nevertheless  a  very  obnoxious  weed,  and  beekeepers  of  this  section  are 
unanimous  for  its  eradication.  In  Sacramento  County,  however,  Mr.  B. 
B.  Hogaboom  reports  this  thistle  to  yield  a  honey  light  amber  in  color, 
of  good  flavor  and  fair  body  from  May  15  to  June  15.  It  abounds  on 
the  sage  ranges  of  Ventura  County,  but  has  never  been  known  to  yield 
any  nectar  there. 

*Centromadia  pungens  Greene.  Spikeweed. 

"Abundant  on  the  plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin,  southward  to 
southern  California  and  westward  to  Walnut  Creek  and  Alameda.  On 
the  alkaline  plains  of  the  upper  San  Joaquin  this  species  covers  tens  of 
thousands  of  acres  and  often  forms  thickets  four  or  five  feet  high.  It 
is  a  valued  bee  plant.  Carloads  of  spikeweed  honey  are  shipped 
annually  from  Fresno  County,  the  honey  is  of  amber  color,  good  quality 
and  granulates  quickly."    0.  L.  Abbott.    Jepson. 

It  is  not  any  longer  the  honey  plant  it  once  was  among  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley  beekeepers.  Such  plants  as  blue  curls,  alkali  weed,  and 
jackass  clover,  all  blooming  about  the  time  spikewood  does,  appear  to 
be  better  liked  fall  honey  plants  among  the  valley  beekeepers. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  Scop.  Bull  Thistle. 

"European  species,  introduced  in  recent  years  in  the  bay  region: 
Berkeley,  lower  San  Joaquin,"  etc.  Jepson.  Sacramento  County. 
June- Aug  1 1  st. 

Considerable  honey  from  the  flowers. 


B'ULLETIN  217]  HONEY   PLANTS   OF    CALIFORNIA.  1027 

^Coreopsis  gigantea  Hall. 

"Near  the  coast  from  Los  Angeles  County  to  San  Luis  Obispo 
County."    Hall. 

Botanical  gardens  of  University  of  California.    February. 

Honey  from  the  flowers;  a  great  favorite  of  the  bees. 

Cynara  scolymus  L.  Globe  Artichoke. 

Introduced:  cultivated  in  our  truck  gardens  and  elsewhere.  June- 
July. 

Greedily  visited  by  bees.38 

*Encelia  calif  ornica  Nutt. 

"Common  on  dry  hillsides  of  the  upper  Sonoran  zone  throughout 
southern  California,  except  on  the  desert."    Hall.    January- April. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.  At  times  quite  frequently  visited 
by  bees. 

*Erigeron  foliosus  Nutt. 

"Common  in  the  hill  country:  Marin  County  to  the  San  Francisco 
Peninsula,  Leona  (Alameda  County),  Mt.  Diablo  and  southward.  June- 
August."  Jepson.  "Common  on  hills  and  in  the  mountains  up  to 
2,100  feet  altitude  throughout  California."    Hall. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*Eriophyllam  confertiflorum  (D.  C.)  Gray. 

"Abundant  on  dry  hills  from  San  Diego  north  throughout  western 
California. ' '    Hall.    April- July. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*-Helianthus  annas  L.  Common  Sunflower.     Fig.  14b. 

"Plains  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys,  first  appearing 
in  low  places  along  country  roads.    July-September. ' '     Jepson. 

"Common  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  throughout  western 
North  America."    Hall. 

An  amber  honey,  with  a  most  characteristic  flavor,  not  unliked  by 
many.  In  some  years  the  wild  sunflower  produces  very  heavily.  Mr. 
Mendleson  a  few  years  ago  shipped  a  carload  of  this  honey  from  Ventura 
County.  Sacramento  County  also  reports  favorable  yields  of  a  black 
colored  honey  with  a  shiny  appearance. 

Helianthus  tuberosus.  Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

Introduced:  cultivated  in  our  truck  gardens  and  elsewhere.  June- 
July.     Greedily  visited  by  bees.39 

*Heterotheca  grandiflora  Nutt. 

"Emigrant  from  southern  California;  San  Jose.  etc.  August- 
October."     Jepson. 

38Pryal,  W.  A.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     May  1,  1909. 
3BPryal,  W.  A.     Gleanings  in  Bee  Culture.     May  1,  1909. 


102S  UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

' '  A  common  weed  along  ditches  and  in  waste  places,  throughout  south- 
ern California  except  in  the  mountains."  Hall.  Ventura  County. 
June. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

*Hieracium  aurantiacum  L.  Orange  Hawkweed. 

Botanical  gardens  of  University  of  California.    February. 
Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 

Hemizonia  corymbosa  T.  &  G.  Coast  Tarweed.     Fig.  14c. 

"Abundant  in  valley  fields  and  on  hillsides.  Berkeley  to  Santa  Cruz 
and  Monterey  County.    June- July. ' '    Jepson. 

Some  honey  from  the  flowers,  but  not  near  as  good  a  honey  plant  as 
the  two  following  species: 

^Hemizonia  fasciculata  T.  &  G.  Tarweed. 

"On  mesas  throughout  southern  California,  except  on  the  desert, 
north  to  San  Francisco  Bay;  common  especially  towards  the  coast  and 
on  the  islands."    Hall.    June-August. 

Honey  dark  amber,  with  strong  tarweed  aroma  (preferred  by  some 
to  the  milder  honeys),  and  granulates  two  or  three  months  after  extrac- 
tion. An  excellent  producer  along  the  coast  extending  from  Santa 
Barbara  to  San  Diego  County.  The  honey  is  reported  to  be  used  largely 
in  the  manufacture  of  chewing  tobacco  and  shoe  blacking. 

Hemizonia  virgata  Gray.  Yellow  Tarweed. 

"Common  on  the  plains  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  (Suisun,  Vorden, 
Gait,  etc.)  and  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  inner 
south  Coast  ranges.     August-October."    Jepson. 

Honey  of  light  yellow  color,  good  flavor  and  heavy  body.  This  tar- 
weed is  a  heavy  and  consistent  yielder,  beginning  in  August  and  lasting 
for  about  twenty  days,  according  to  Mr.  B.  B.  Hogaboom  of  Elk  Grove. 

Hemizonia  (sp.).  Yellow  Tops.    Yellow  Tarweed. 

Vinegar  Weed. 
The  tarweed  of  Fresno  County,  generally  known  as  "Yellow  Tops," 
blooms  from  April  to  June,  and  is  reported  to  yield  an  occasional  sur- 
plus. "Vinegar  weed"  has  been  applied  to  a  tarweed  in  the  San 
Joaquin  valleys.  The  tarweed  (probably  H.  corymbosa)  of  the  San 
Antonio  Valley  (Jolon),  although  very  abundant,  is  reported  not  to 
produce  enough  honey  for  an  extraction. 

*Malacothrix  saxatilis  T.  &  G. 
Frequent  in  Santa  Barbara  and  Ventura  counties.    June-July. 
Some  honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers. 


Bulletin  217]  HONEY  PLANTS  OF  CALIFORNIA.  1029 

*Senecio  douglasii  D.  C. 

' '  Common  throughout  southern  California  in  the  upper  Sonoran  zone, 
especially  in  sand-washes  and  other  gravelly  places;  north  to  Lake 
County/ '    Hall. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

Solidago  occidentalis  Nutt.  Western  Golden  Rod.     Fig.  14f . 

"Marshes,  stream  beds  and  river  banks;  Sierra  Nevada,  Sacramento, 
and  San  Joaquin  Valley ;  Coast  ranges ;  southern  California.  August- 
October.  ' '    Jepson. 

Honey  from  this  source  is  amber  in  color.  A  honey  plant  with  Mr. 
Wm.  Muth-Rasmussen  of  Independence. 

Solidago  calif ornica  Nutt.  Common  Golden  Rod. 

*  ■  Common  on  dry  plains  and  hillsides  or  in  the  mountains  throughout 
California.  September-November."  Jepson.  "In  dry,  open  places 
from  the  lower  foothills  to  3,000  feet  altitude  in  the  mountains.  August 
to  December."    Hall. 

Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers.    A  fair  honey  plant. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Common  Sow  Thistle. 

"Naturalized  European  weed;  old  fields  and  waste  places,  flowering 
at  all  seasons. ' '    Jepson. 

Honey  from  the  flowers. 

*Sonchus  mariianthus. 
Botanical  gardens  of  University  of  California.    February- April. 
Honey  and  pollen  from  the  flowers;  much  visited  by  bees. 

Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  liypol-        (White)  Rabbit  Brush. 
luca. 

Vicinity  of  Independence.    September-November. 

"Bees  work  vigorously  on  it,  but  the  honey  is  dark,  of  poor  flavor 
and  disagreeable  odor.  When  the  bees  evaporate  it  at  night,  it  can 
then  be  smelled  all  over  the  place. ' '  Mr.  Wm.  Muth-Rasmussen,  Inde- 
pendence, California. 


INDEX. 


Acacia,  976,  979. 

Acacia  dealbata,   976. 

Acacia  decurrens  mollis,  983,  996. 

Acacia,  false,   1000. 

Acacia  pycnantha,  983,  996. 

Aceraceae,  1005. 

Acer  negundo,  984,  1005. 

Adenostoma  fasciculatum,  983,  993. 

Aesculus  californica,  978,  981,  1006. 

Agave  americana,  982,  987. 

Ailanthus  glandulosa,  981,  1004. 

Alfalfa,  976,  977,  978,  979,  980,  981,  998. 

Alfalfa,  wild,   976,   978,   979,   981,   997,   999. 

Alfilerilla,  red-stemmed  or  fine-leaved,  981, 

1002. 
Alfilerilla,  white-stemmed  or  coarse-leaved, 

981,  1002. 
Algaroba,  1000. 
Alkali  weed,  978. 
Allium,  986. 
Allium  cepa,  986. 
Almond,  bitter,  983,  994. 
Alsike  clover,  983,  1000. 
Amaryllidaceae,  987. 
Amelopsis  quinquefolia,  984,  1007. 
American  linden,  982,  1008. 
Anacardiaceae,  1005. 
Angiospermae,  985. 
Annual  sage,  982,  1020. 
Anthemis  cotula,  984,  1025. 
Antigonon  leptopus,  989. 
Apple,  981,  995. 
Apple-scented  gum,  982,  1012. 
Apricot,  983,  994. 
Arbutus  menziesii,  983,  1013. 
Arctostaphylos,  981,   1014. 
Arrow  weed,  976. 
Artemisia  californica,  1025. 
Artichoke,  globe,  984,  1027. 
Artichoke,  Jerusalem,  984,  1027. 
Asclepiadaceae,  1014. 
Asclepias  mexicana,  985,  1014. 
Asclepias  speciosa,  985,  1015. 
Ash  family,  1014. 
Ash  leaf  maple,  1005. 
Ash,   Oregon,   983,   1014. 
Asparagus,  979,  983,  986. 
Asparagus  officinalis,  983,  986. 
Astragalus,  983,  996. 
Ball  sage,  1021. 

Barberry,  California,  976,  979,  990. 
Barberry  family,  990. 
Bass  wood,  1008. 
Bastard  sage,  979. 
Bay  tree,  990. 
Bean,  castor,  1005. 
Bean,  lima,  976,  1000. 
Bear  berry,  1014. 


Beaver  tree,  sweet  swamp,  990. 

Beaver  tree,  white  bay,  990. 

Beggar  ticks,   984,  1026. 

Berberidaceae,  990. 

Berberis  pinnata,  981,  990. 

Berry,   Christmas,   976,   977,    978,   979,   981, 

993,  994. 
Berry,  coffee,  978,  981,  1007. 
Bidens  frondosa,  984,   1026. 
Bidens  pilosa,  984,  1026. 
Bindweed,  common,  1015. 
Birch  brush,  978. 
Bitter  almond,  983,  994. 
Blackberry,  common  wild,  976,  983,  996. 
Blackberry,  cultivated,  983,  996. 
Black  cottonwood,   976,  977,   979,   987,   988. 
Black  locust,   1000. 
Black  medicle,  998. 
Black  mustard,  981,  991. 
Black  sage,  976,  977,  979,  982,  1018,  1020, 

1021. 
Black  wattle,  983. 
Blue   curls,    976,    977,    978,    980,    982,    1022, 

1023. 
Blue  curls,  purple,  1022. 
Blue  elderberry,  985,  1024. 
Blue  gum,   981,  1010. 
Blue  oak,  983,  988. 
Blue  sage,  1021. 

Blue  thistle,  980,  981,  1012,  1013. 
Bokhara  clover,  999. 
Borage  family,  1016. 
Boraginaceae,  1016. 
Box  elder,  1005. 
Brassica  campestris,  983,  991. 
Brassica  nigra,  981,  991. 
Brassica,  981,  991. 

Broad   (large)   leaved  ironbark,   982,   1012. 
Broom,  wild,  997. 
Brush,  birch,  978. 
Brush,  rabbit,  982. 

Buckeye,  California,  978,  979,  981,  1006. 
Buckeye  family,  988,  1006. 
Buck  plantain,  1024. 
Buckthorn,  976,  977,  1006,  1007. 
Buckthorn  family,   976. 
Buckwheat  family,   989. 
Buckwheat,   wild,    976,    977,    978,    979,    981, 

988,  989. 
Bull  thistle,  1026. 
Bur  clover,  978,  979,  98Q,  981,  998. 
Buttercup  family,  989. 
Button  bush,  1024. 
Button  sage,   1021. 
Button  willow,  979,  982,  1023,  1024. 
Cactaceae,  1009. 
Cactus  family,   1009. 
Cactus,  straight  up,  977. 


1032 


INDEX. 


California  barberry,  990. 

California  buckeye,  981,  1006. 

California  figwort,  984,  1023. 

California  holly,  993. 

California  laurel,  984,  990. 

California  poppy,   984,   990. 

California  water-weed,  983,  1006. 

California  wild  grape,  984,  1007. 

California  wild  rose,  984,  996. 

Camphor  weed,  1022. 

Cantaloupe,  976,  984. 

Canyon  gooseberry,  984,  992. 

Caper  family,  991. 

Capparidaceae,  991. 

Caprifoliaceae,  1024. 

Carpet  grass,  979,  981,  1017,  1018. 

Carrot,  979,  1012. 

Cascara  sagrada,  978,  981,  1007. 

Castor  bean,  1005. 

Castor  oil  plant,  983,  1005. 

Caterpillar   phacelia,    976,    977,    981,    1013, 

1015. 
Catnip,  978. 

Ceanothus,  980,  983,  1007. 
Ceanothus  cuneatus,  983,  1006. 
Ceanothus,  Nuttall's,   976,   1007. 
Centaur ea  cyanus,  985,  1026. 
Centaurea  melitensis,  982,  1026. 
Centromadia  pungens,  982,   1026. 
Century  plant,  982,  987. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  982,   1024. 
Cerasus  demissa,  984,  993. 
Cerasus  ilicifolia,  983,  993. 
Chamois,  993. 
Chamisal,  993. 

Cherry,  holly  leaved,  983,  993. 
Cherry,  western  choke,  984,  993. 
Cherry,   983,   995. 
Cherry,   wild,   976. 
Chia,  979,  1020. 
Chickweed,  979. 
Chinese  parsley,   1016. 
Chinese  sumac,   1004. 
Chittam,   1007. 

Choke  cherry,  western,  984,   993. 
Chosiptalae,  987. 
Christmas   berry,    976,    977,    978,    979,    981, 

993,   994. 
Chrysothamnus  nauseosus   hypolluca,   982, 

1029. 
Cider  gum,   982,   1010. 
Cirsium  lanceolatum,  982. 
Cistaceae,  1008. 
Citrullus  vulgaris,  984,  1024. 
Citrus  acida,  1003. 
Citrus  aurantium,  981,  1003. 
Citrus  decumana,   1003. 
Citrus  lemon,  1003. 
Citrus  nobilis,  983,  1003. 
Clematis,  hill,  989.' 
Clematis  ligusticifolia,  984,  989. 
Clematis,  984,  988,  990. 
Cleome  integrifolia,  981,   991. 
Cleome  lutea,  978. 
Clover,  alsike,   983,   1000. 
Clover,  Bokhara,  999. 


Clover,  bur,  978,  979,  980,  981,  997,  998. 

Clover,  deer,   997. 

Clover,  Dutch,  1001. 

Clover,  jackass,   978,   981,   992. 

Clover,  musk,  1002. 

Clover,  pea  vine,  1001. 

Clover,  pin,  1002. 

Clover,  red   (mammoth),   980,  984,  1001. 

Clover,  sour,  983,  1000. 

Clover,  stone,  999. 

Clover,  Swedish,  1000. 

Clover,  sweet,  978. 

Clover,    sweet    white,    976,    978,    979,    981, 

997. 
Clover,    sweet   yellow,    978,    979,    980,    981, 

983,  999. 
Clover,  tree   (white),  984,  996. 
Clover,  white,   980,   982,   997,   1001. 
Coast  tarweed,  982,  1025,   1028. 
Coffee  berry,  978,  981,  1007. 
Common  bindweed,  1015. 
Common  century  plant,  982,  987. 
Common  goldenrod,   1029. 
Common  heliotrope,  985,   1016. 
Common  knotweed,   989. 
Common  mignonette,    992. 
Common  onion,  986. 
Common  plantain,  985,  1024. 
Common  sow-thistle,   985,   1029. 
Common  sunflower,  982,  1025,   1027. 
Common  vervain,  1017. 
Common  wild  blackberry,   996. 
Common  yellow  mustard,  983,  990,  991. 
Composatae,  1025. 
Convolvulaceae,  1015. 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  983,  1015. 
Coralita,  989. 

Coreopsis  gigantea,  984,  1029. 
Cornflower,  985,  1026. 
Corn,  Egyptian,   986. 
Corn,  Indian,  984,  985. 
Cotton,  976,  983,  1005. 

Cottonwood,  black,  976,  977,  979,  987,  988. 
Cream  cups,  984,   991. 
Creeping  sage,  978,  982,  1021. 
Crimson  sage,  1021. 
Croton  calif ornicus,  983,  1004. 
Cruciferae,  991. 
Cryngium  articulatum,  981. 
Cucumber,   984,  1024. 
Cucumis  melo,  984,  1024. 
Cucumis  sativus,  984,  1024. 
Cucurbitaceae,  1024. 
Cucurbita  maxima,  984,  1025. 
Cucurbita  moschata,  1025. 
Cucurbita  pepo,  984,  1025. 
Cultivated  blackberry,  983,  996. 
Cultivated  heliotrope,   1016. 
Cultivated  honeysuckle,   1024. 
Curls,   blue,    976,    977,    978,   980,   982,    1023. 
Curls,  blue,  purple,   1022. 
Cummin,   1013. 
Currant,  flowering,  993. 
Currant,  wild,  983,  993. 
Cuscuta,  985,  1015. 
Cynara  scolymus,  984. 


INDEX 


1033 


Cyperaceae,  986. 

Cytisus  elongatus,  984,  996. 

Cytisus  prolifeius,  984,  997. 

Date  palm,  976,  986. 

Daucus  car ota,  1012. 

Deciduous  fruits,  978,  979. 

Deer  clover,  997. 

Deer  weed,  997. 

Dew  drop,  golden,  1016. 

Dicotyledons,  987. 

Dodecatheon,  1014. 

Dodder,  985,  1013,  1015. 

Dog  fennel,  1025. 

(Dotted)    smartweed,   989. 

Duranta  plumieri,  1016. 

Dutch  clover,   1001. 

Egyptian  corn,   986. 

Elderberry,    985,    1024. 

Encelia  californica,  985,  1027. 

Encina,  987. 

English  walnut,   987. 

English  (yellow)  mustard,  981,  991. 

Eremocarpus  setigerus,  983,   1004. 

Eriaceae,  1013. 

Erigeron  foliosus,  1027. 

Eriobotura  japonica,  993. 

Eriodictyon  trichocalyx,  981,  1015. 

Eriogonum  fasciculatum,  981,  989,  1027. 

Eriophyllum  confertiflorum,  985,  1027. 

Erodium  cicutarium,  981,  1002. 

Erodium  moschatum,  981,  1002. 

Eryngium  articulatum,  1012. 

Escallonia  montevidensis,  983,   992. 

E  schscholtzia  californica,  984,  990. 

Eucalypts,  976,  977,  978,  979,  980. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla,  982,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  citriodora,  981,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta,  982,  1010. 

Eucalytus  corynocalyx,  982,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  eugonioides,  981,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  globulus,  978,  981,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  gunii,  982,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  lehmannii,  982,  1010. 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon,  982,   1011. 

Eucalyptus  maculata,  982,  1011. 

Eucalyptus     melliodora    phaceafolia,     982, 

1011. 
Eucalyptus  polyanthema,  982,   1011. 
Eucalyptus  resinifera,  982,  1011. 
Eucalyptus  robusta,  978,  982,  1011. 
Eucayptus  rostrata,  976,  981,  1011. 
Eucalyptus  sidrophlora,  982,  1012. 
Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  rosea,  982,  1012. 
Eucalyptus  stuartiana,  982,  1012. 
Eucalyptus  tereticornis,  982,  1012. 
Eucalyptus  viminalis,  981,  1012. 
Euphorbiaceae,  1004. 

Euphorbia  pulcherrima,  984,   1004,   1005. 
European  grape,  1007. 
Fagaceae,  987. 
False  acacia,  1000. 
Fennel,  dog,  1025. 
Fennel,  sweet,   983,   1013. 
Fiddle  neck,  978. 
Field  oak,  987. 
Figwort,  California,  976,  979,  984,  1023. 


Figwort  family,  1023. 

Filure    or    filere,    976,    977,    97S,    979,    980, 

981,  1002. 
Flat  top,  989. 
Flea  weed,  1022. 
Flooded  gum,  1012. 
Flowering  currant,  993. 
Foeniculum  vulgare,  983,  1013. 
Fog  fruit,  1017. 
Forest  gray  gum,  982. 
Fragarea  chiloensis,  993. 
Fraxinus  oregona,  983,  1014. 
Fruit  bloom,  978,  979. 
Furze,   1002. 
Garden  flowers,   979. 
Geraniaceae,  1002. 
Geranium  family,  1002. 
Gilia  chamisonis,  983,  .1015. 
Globe   artichoke,    984,    1027. 
Godetia  bottae,  983. 
Golden  dew  drop,  1016. 
Goldenrod,  common,  978,  982,  1029. 
Goldenrod,  western,   1025,   1029. 
Golden  wattle,  983. 
Gold  thread,   1015. 
Gooseberry,   canyon,   984,    992. 
Gorse,  983,  1001,  1002. 
Gossypium,  herbaceum,  983,  1008. 
Gourd  family,   1024. 
Gramineae,  985. 
Grape,   978,   983. 

Grape,  California  wild,   984,  1007. 
Grape,  European,  978,  983,  1007. 
Grape  fruit,  1003. 
Grape,  wine,   1007. 
Grass,  carpet,  979,  981,  1017,  1018. 
Grass  family,   985. 
Grass,  mat,   1017. 
Greasewood,   978,  983,  993. 
Gum,  apple-scented,  902,   1012. 
Gum,  blue,   981,   1010. 
Gum,  cider,  982,  1010. 
Gum,  flooded,  1012. 
Gum,  forest  gray,  982,  1012. 
Gum,  honey-scented,  982,  1011. 
Gum,  lemon-scented,  981,  1010. 
Gum,  manna,  981,  1012. 
Gum,  red,  981,  1011. 
Gum,  red  mahogany,  982,  1011. 
Gum,  spotted,  982,  1011. 
Gum,  sugar,  982,  1010. 
Gum,  swamp  mahogany,  982,  1011. 
Gymnospermae,  985. 
Hawkweed,  orange,  1028. 
Heath  family,  1013. 
Hedge  nettle,   983,   1022. 
Hedge  nettle,  white,   1022. 
Helianthemum  scoparium.  985,  100S. 
Helianthus  annuns,  982,  1027. 
Helianthus  tuberosus,  984,  1027. 
Heliotr opium  sp.,  983. 
Heliotropium  curvassavicum,  985,  1016. 
Heliotrope,  common,  983,  985,  1016. 
Heliotrope,  cultivated,  1016. 
Heliotrope,  wild,  1016. 
Hemizonia  corymbosa,  982,  102  S. 


103-4 


INDEX. 


Hemizonia  fasciculata,  982,  1028. 

Hemizonia  virgata,  982,  1028. 

Hemizonia,  1028. 

Heron's  bill,  1002. 

Hesperoyucca  whipplei,  981,  986. 

Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  981,  993. 

Heterotheca  grandiflora,  985,  1027. 

Hieracium  aurantiacum,  1028. 

Hill  brush,   1025. 

Hill  clematis,  989. 

Hill  vervenia,  983,  1015. 

Himalayan  berry,  983,  996. 

Holly,  California,  993. 

Hollyhock,  wild,  976,  981. 

Holly  leaved  cherry,  983,  993. 

Honey  mesquite,  1000. 

Honey  plant,  Rocky  Mountain,  981,  991. 

Honey  plant,  Simpson's,  984,  1023. 

Honey-scented  gum,  982,  1011. 

Honeysuckle,  cultivated,  1024. 

Honeysuckle  family,  1024. 

Honeysuckle  wild,  985,  1024. 

Horehound,    976,    977,    979,    980,    981,    1017, 

1018. 
Hummingbird  sage,  1021. 
Hydrophyllaceae,  1015. 
Ice  plant,  976. 
Indian  corn,  985. 

Ironbark,  broad   (large)   leaved,  982,  1012. 
Ironbark,  red,  982,  1012. 
Ironbark,  Victoria,  982,  1012. 
Ironbark,  white,  982,  1011. 
Islay,  983,  993. 

Jackass  clover,   978,  981,   992. 
Japan  plum,  993. 
Japan  privet,  1014. 
Jerusalem  artichoke,  984,  1027. 
Juglandaceae,  987. 
Juglans  regia,  987. 
Jussuaea  calif ornlca,  983. 
Kid  glove  orange,  1003. 
Kino  eucalypt,   1011. 
Knotweed,  common,  989. 
Labiatae,  1017. 
Lathyrus  splendens,  984,  997. 
Lauraceae,  990. 
Laurel,  California,  984,  990. 
Laurel  family,  990. 
Laurel  sumac,  981,  1004,  1005. 
Lawn  plant,  983,  1017. 
Lemon,  1003. 

Lemon-scented  gum,  981,  1010. 
Lignminosae,  996. 
Ligu strum  japonicum,  1014. 
Lilac,  tropical,  1016. 
Lilac,  wild,  977,  983,  1007. 
Liliaceae,  986. 
Lily  family,  986. 
Lima  bean,  976,  1000. 
Lime,  1003. 
Lime  family,  1008. 
Limnanthus  douglassii,  1002. 
Linden  family,  1008. 
Linden,  American,  982,  1008. 
J/i/i/jki  In ticeolata,  1016. 
Lippia  nodiffora,  981,  1017,  1018. 


Lippia  repens,  983,  1017. 

Live  oak,  983,  987. 

Locust,  977,  979,  980,  1000. 

Locust,  black,  1000. 

Lonicera,  985,  1024. 

Lonicera  caprifolium,  1024. 

Loquat,  993. 

Loranthaceae,  988. 

Lotus  glabra,  981,  997. 

Loving  sage,  985,  1019. 

Love  vine,  1015. 

Lucerne,  998. 

Lupine,   984,  998 

Lupinus  affinis,  984,  998. 

Madder  family,  1024. 

Madrona,   983,  1013. 

Magnoliaceae,  990. 

Magnolia  glauca,  990. 

Maize,  985. 

Malacothrix  saxatilis,  985,  1028. 

Mallow  family,   1008. 

Mallow,  small  flowered,  985,  1008. 

Mallow,  white,   985,   1008. 

Malvaceae,  1008. 

Malva  parviflora,  985,  1008. 

Malva  sylvestris,  985,  1008. 

Mammoth  clover,  1001. 

Mandarin,  983,  1003. 

Manna  gum,  981,  1012. 

Mansanita,  976,  978,  979,  980,  981,  1014. 

Maple,  984. 

Maple  family,  1005. 

Marribium  vulgare,  981,  1017. 

Marsh  flower,  1002. 

Mat  grass,  1017. 

May  weed,  979,  984,  1025. 

Medicago  denticulata,  981,  998. 

Medicago  lupulina,  984,  998. 

Medicago  sativa,  981,  998. 

Medicle,  black,  998. 

Melilot,  white,  999. 

Melilot,  yellow,   999. 

Melilotus  alba,  981,  999. 

Melilotus  bicolor,  984,  999. 

Melilotus  indica,  983,  999. 

Melilotus  officinalis,  981,  999. 

Mentha  canadensis,  985,  1019. 

Mentha  spicata,  981,  1019. 

Mesquite,   976,  1000. 

Mesquite,  honey,  1000. 

Mexican  rose,  989. 

Micromeria  chamissonis,  984,  1019. 

Migella  hispanica,  990. 

Mignonette,  common,  984,  992. 

Mignonette  family,  992. 

Milkweed,  978,  985,  1014,  1015. 

Milkweed  family,  985,  1014. 

Mint  family,  1017. 

Mint  tule,  985,  1018,  1019. 

Mistletoe,  983,  988. 

Mistletoe  family,  988. 

Monardella  lanceolata,  985,  1019. 

Monocotyledons ,  985. 

Morning  glory  family,  1015. 

Morning  glory,  978,  983,  1015. 

Mountain  queen,  986. 


INDEX 


1035 


Mountain  rose,  989. 

Mountain  white  oak,  988. 

Mullein,  turkey,  976,  977,  980,  983,  1004. 

Musk  clover,  1002. 

Muskmelon,  1024. 

Mustang,  1022. 

Mustard,  976,  978,  979,  983. 

Mustard,  black,  981,  990,  991. 

Mustard,  common  yellow,  990,  991. 

Mustard,  English  yellow,  981,  991. 

Mustard  family,  991. 

Mustard,  red,  991. 

Mustard,  trieste,  991. 

Myrtaceae,  1010. 

Napa  thistle,  979,  982,  1026. 

Nettle,  white  hedge,  1022. 

Nigger  weed,  1022. 

Nonesuch,  984,  998. 

N  lit  tali's  ceanothus,  1006. 

Oak,  976,  977,  979. 

Oak,  blue,  983,  988. 

Oak  family,  987. 

Oak,  field,  987. 

Oak,  live,  983,  987. 

Oak,  mountain  white,  988. 

Oak,  poison,  976,  979,  981,  1004,  1005. 

Oak,  rock,  988. 

Oak,  tanbark,  984.  987. 

Oak,  valley,  988. 

Oak,  weeping,  988. 

Old  man,  976,  1025. 

Oleaceae,  1014. 

Olea  europaea,  983,  1014. 

Olive,  983,  1014. 

Olive  family,   1014. 

Onagraceae,  1014. 

Onion,  common,  979,  986. 

Onion,  wild,   978,  986. 

Opuntia      lindhiimeri      occidentales,      981, 

1009. 
Orange,   976,   977,  978,  981,  1003. 
Orange,  hawkweed,   1028. 
Orange,  kid  glove,  1003. 
Oregon  ash,  983,  1014. 
Our  Lord's  candle,  986. 
Palma  Christi,  1005. 
Palmae,  986. 
Palm,  date,  986. 
Palm  family,  986. 
Papa  vera cea e,  990. 
Parsley  family. 
Peach,  983,  995. 
Pear,  981,  995. 
Pear,  prickly,  977,  981,  1009. 
Pea  vine  clover,  1001. 
Pea  family,  996. 
Pea.  wild  -sweet,  984,  997. 
Pennyroyal,  western,   978,   985,   1019. 
Peppermint,  979,  981,  1019. 
Pepper  tree,  976,  981,  1005. 
Pepper  wood,  990. 
Persian  walnut,   987. 
Phacelia,    caterpillar,    976,    977,    981,    1013, 

1015. 
Phacelia  distans,  983,   1015. 
Phacelia  family,   1015. 

5— Bul.  217 


Phacelia  hespida,  981,  1015. 
Phacelia  ramosissina,  977,  983,  1016. 
Phacelia  tenacetifolia,  977,  981,  1016. 
Phaseolus  lunatus,  981,  1000. 
Phoenix  dactylifera,  986. 
Phorodendron,  983,   988. 
Pigeon  berry,  1016. 
Pinaceae,  985. 
Pin  clover,  1002. 
Pine,  985,  988. 
Pine  family,   985. 
Pin  grass,  1002. 
Pinus,  985. 

Plantaginaceae,  989,   1024. 
Plantago  family,  1024. 
Plantago  major,  985,   1024. 
Plantain,  buck,  1024. 
Plantain,  common,  985,  1024. 
Play  ty  stem  on  calif  ornicus,  984,  991. 
Plum,   983,   995. 
Plum,  Japan,  993. 
Poinsettia,  984,  1005. 
Poison  oak,  976,  979,  981,  1004,  1005. 
Polemoniaceae,  1015.    4 
Polygonaceae,  989. 
Polygonum  bolanderi,  989. 
Polygonum  lap athi folium,  983,  989. 
Polygonum  punctatum,  989. 
Pomelo,  1003. 
Poplar,   979.  987. 
Poppy,  California,  984,  990. 
Poppy  family,  &90. 
Populus  trichocarpa,  987. 
Prickly  pear,  977,  981,  1009. 
Primrose  family,  1014. 
Primulaceae,  1014. 
Privet,  Japan,   1014. 
Prosopis  juliffora,  1000. 
Prune,  983,  995. 
Prunus  amygdalus,  983,  994. 
Prunus  armeniaca,  983,  994. 
Prunus  cerasus,  983,  995. 
Prunus  domestica,  983,  995. 
Primus  persica,  983,  995. 
Prunus  simonii,  994. 
Prunus  triflora,  995. 
Pumelo,  1003. 
Pumpkin,  984,  1025. 
Purple  blue  curls,  1022. 
Purple  sage.  976,  982,  1018,  1020. 
Pyrus  communis,  981,  994,  995. 
Pyrus  malus,  981,  994,  995. 
Quercus  agrifolia,  983,  987. 
Quercus  densiflora,  984,  987. 
Quercus  douglassii,  983,  988. 
Quercus  lobata,  983,  988. 
Rabbit  brush,  white,  982,  1029. 
Radish,   991. 
Rag  weed,  978. 
Ramona.  1021. 
Ranunculaceae,  989. 
Raphanus  sativus,  983,  991. 
Raspberry,  983,  996. 
JRattleweed,  983,  996. 
Red  box-tree,  982,  1011. 
Red  clover.  9S4,  1001. 


1036 


INDEX. 


Red  gum,  981,  1011. 

Red  ironbark,  1012. 

Red  mahogany  gum,  982,  1011. 

Red  mustard,  991. 

Resedaceae,  992. 

Reseda  lutea,  984,  992. 

Reseda  odorata,  984,  992. 

Rhamnaceae,  1006. 

Rhamnus  calif ornica,  981,  1007. 

Rhamnus  crocea,  1007. 

Rhamnus  purshiana,  981,  1007. 

Rhus  diversiloba,  981,  1005. 

Rhus  laurina,  981,  1005. 

Ribes,  menziesii,  984,  992. 

Ribes  sangineum,  983,  993. 

Ricinus  communis,  983,  1005. 

Robina  pseudacacia,  983,  1000. 

Roble,  988. 

Rock  oak,  988. 

Rock  rose  family,   1008. 

Rocky  Mountain  honey  or  bee  plant 

991. 
Roman  candle,  986. 
Rosa  calif  ornica,  984,  996. 
Rosaceae,  993. 

Rose,  California  wild,   984,   996. 
Rose  family,  993. 
Rose,  Mexican,  989. 
Rose,  mountain,  989. 
Rubiaceae,  1002,  1024. 
Rubus  strigosus,  983,  996. 
Rubus  villosus,  983,  996. 
Rubus  vitifolius,  983,  996. 
Rue  family,  1002. 
Rutaceae,  1003. 
Sage,  979. 

Sage,  annual,  982,  1020. 
Sage,  ball,  1021. 
Sage,  bastard,   979. 
Sage,  black,  976,  977,  979,  982,  1018, 

1021. 
Sage,  blue,  1021. 
Sage,  brush,  976,  1025. 
Sage,  button,  1021. 
Sage,  creeping,  978,  982,  1021. 
Sage,  crimson,  1021. 
Sage,  hummingbird,  1021. 
Sage,  loving,  985,  1019. 
Sage,  purple,  976,  982,  1018,  1020. 
Sage,  silver,  1028. 
Sage,  thistle,  981,  1018,  1020. 
Sage,    white,     976,    977,    981,    1018, 

1020. 
Sage,  white  leaved,  1020. 
Saliaceae,  987. 
Salix,  981,  987. 
Salvia  amabilis,  985,  1019. 
Salvia  apinan,  981,  1019. 
Salvia  carduacea,  981,  1020. 
Salvia  columbariae,  982,  1020. 
Salvia  leucophylla,  982,  1020. 
Salvia  mellifera,  982,  1021. 
Salvia  sonememsis,  982,  1021. 
Salvia  spathaceae,  1021. 
8ambucu8  glauca,  985,  1024. 
Sapindaceae,  1006. 


981, 


1020, 


1019, 


Satureia  montana,  985,  1021. 

Savory,  winter,  985,  1021. 

Saxifragaceae,  992. 

Saxifrage  family,  992. 

Schinus  molle,  981,  1005. 

Scirpus,  986. 

Scrophularia  calif  ornica,  984,  1023. 

Scrophulariaceae,  1023. 

Scrophularia  venalis,  984,  1023. 

Sedge  family,  986. 

Senecio  douglassii,  1029. 

Shaddock,  1003. 

Shooting  star,   1004 

Sidalcea  malvaeflora,  981,  1008. 

Silver  sage,  1020. 

Silver  wattle,  996. 

Simarubaceae,  1004. 

Simpson's  honey  plant,   984,   1023. 

Small-flowered  mallow,   985,  1008. 

Smartweed,  989. 

Smartweed    (dotted),   979,   989,   988. 

Solidago  calif  ornica,   1029. 

Solidago  occidentalis,  982,  1029. 

Sonchus  maruanthus,  985,  1029. 

Sonchus  oleraceus,  985,  1029. 

Sour  clover;  983,  1000. 

Sow-thistle,  common,  977,  985,  1029. 

Spanish  bayonet,   986. 

Spanish  dagger,   986. 

Spanish  needle,  978,   984,  1026. 

Spearmint,   1019. 

Spice  tree,  990. 

Spikeweed,  978,  1026. 

Spotted  gum,  982,  1011. 

Spring  vetch,  984,  1001,  1002. 

Spurge  family,  1004. 

Squash,   summer  crookneck,   1025. 

Squash,   winter   crookneck,    984,    1025. 

Stachys  ajugoides,  985. 

Stachys  albens,  985,   1022. 

Stachys  bullata,  984,  1022. 

Stink-weed,  992. 

Stone  clover,  999. 

Straight  up  cactus,  977. 

Strawberry,  993. 

Stringy-bark,  white,  981,  1010. 

Sugar  gum,  982,  1010. 

Sumac,   977. 

Sumac,  Chinese,   1004. 

Sumac  family,  1005. 

Sumac,  laurel,  981,  1004,  1005. 

Summer  crookneck  squash,   1025. 

Sunflower,  common,  982,  1025,  1027. 

Sunflower  family,  1025. 

Swamp  mahogany  gum,  982,  1011. 

Swedish  clover,  1000. 

Sweet  fennel,  983,  1013. 

Sweet  pea,  wild,  984,  997. 

Sweet  clover,   97  8. 

Sweet  swamp  beaver  tree,  990. 

Sweet    yellow    clover,    978,    979,    981,    983, 

999. 
Sweet  '  white    clover,    976,     978,     979,    980, 

981,   999. 
Sycamore,  988. 
Sympetalde,  1013. 


INDEX 


1037 


Tamarecaceae,  1008. 

Tamarisk,   982,   1008. 

Tamarisk  family,  100S. 

Tamarix,  1008. 

Tan  bark  oak,  984,  987. 

Tanglefoot,  997. 

Tare,  984,  1002. 

Tarweed,  976,  980,  982,  1025,  1028. 

Tarweed,  coast,  982,  1025,  1028. 

Tarweed,  yellow,   982,   1025,   1028. 

Thamus  crocea,  983. 

Thistle,  979. 

Thistle,  blue,  980,  981,  1012,  1013. 

Thistle,  Napa,  982,  1026. 

Thistle,  sage,   981,   1018,   1020. 

Tiliaceae,  1008. 

Tilia  americana,  982,   1008. 

Tilia,  983,  1008. 

Tocolate,  977,  1026. 

Tournefortia  heliotrope* ides,  985,  1016. 

Toyon,  993. 

Tree  clover,  white,  997. 

Tree  of  heaven,  981,  1004. 

Trichostema  lanceo1<itum,  982,  1022. 

Trieste  mustard,  991. 

Trifolium  fucatum,  983,   1000. 

Trifolium  hybridum,  983,  1000. 

Trifolium  pratense,  984,  1001. 

Trifolium  repens,  982,  1001. 

Triticum  sativum,  985. 

Tropical  lilac,   1016. 

Tule,  986. 

Tule  mint,  985,  1018,  1019. 

Turkey  mullein,  976,  977,  980,  983,  1004. 

Ulex  europaeus,  983,  1002. 

Umbelliferae,  1012. 

Umbellularia  calif  ornica,  984,  990. 

Valley  oak,  983,  988. 

Valley  vervenia,  981,   1016. 

Varnish  tree  of  China,  1004. 

Verbenaceae,  1016. 

Verbena  family,  1016. 

Verbena  prostrata,  983,  1017. 

Verbena,  wild,  983,  1017,  1018. 

Veronica  andersonii,  985,  1023. 

Vervain,  common,  1017. 

Vervenia,  hill,  983,  1015. 

Vervenia,  valley,  981,  1016. 

Vetch,   spring,   984,    1001,    1002. 

Vicia  sativa,  984,  1002. 

Victoria  ironbark,  982,  1012. 

Vine  family,  1007. 

Vinegar- weed,  1028. 

Virginia  creeper,  984,  1007. 

Virgin's  bower,  984,  990. 

Vitaceae,  1007. 

Vitis  calif  ornica,  984,  1.007. 

Vitis  vinifera,  983,  1007. 

Walnut,  English,   987. 

Walnut  family,  987. 

Walnut,  Persian,  987. 

Watermelon,  984,  1024. 

Water-weed,  California,  983,  1006. 

Wattle,  black,  983,  996. 


Wattle,  golden,   983. 

Wattle,  silver,  996. 

Weeping  oak,  988. 

Western  choke  cherry,  984,  993. 

Western  goldenrod,  1025,  1029. 

Western  pennyroyal,  1019. 

Wheat,  985. 

White  bay  beaver  tree,  990. 

White  clover,   980,   982,  997,   1001. 

White  hedge  nettle,  1022. 

White  ironbark,  982,  1011. 

White  leaved  sage,   1020. 

White  mallow,  985,  1008. 

White  melilot,  999. 

White  sage,  976,  977,  981,  1018,  1019,  1020. 

White  rabbit  brush,  982,  1029. 

White  stemmed  filarie,   981. 

White  stringy  baric,  981,  1010. 

White  sweet  clover,  976,  981,  999. 

White  tree  clover,  984,  996. 

Wigandia,  1016. 

Wild  alfalfa,   976,   978,   979,   981,   997,   999. 

Wild  blackberry,  976,  983,  996. 

Wild  broom,  997. 

Wild   buckwheat,    976,    977,    978,    979,    981, 

988,   989. 
Wild  California  grape,  984,  1007. 
Wild  California  rose,  984,  996. 
Wild  cherry,  976. 
Wild  currant,  976,  983,  993. 
Wild  heliotrope,  1016. 
Wild  hollyhock,  976,  981,  1008. 
Wild  honeysuckle,  985,  1024. 
Wild  lilac,  977,  983,  1007. 
Wild  onion,  978,  986. 
Wild  poppy,  984. 
Wild  radish,   983,   991. 
Wild  sweet  pea,  984,  997. 
Wild  verbena,  983,  1017,  1018. 
Willow,  976,  977,  978,  979,  980,  981,  987. 
Willow,  button,  979,  982,  1023,  1024. 
Willow  family,  987. 
Willow  weed,  989. 
Wine  grape,  1007. 

Winter  crookneck  squash,  984,  1025. 
Winter  savory,  985,  1021. 
Wislizenia  refracta,  981,  992. 
Wistaria,  982,  1002. 
Witch  hazel,  978. 
Woolly  white  drouth  weed,  1004. 
Yate  tree,  982,  1010. 
Yellow  English  mustard,  991. 
Yellow  melilot,  999. 
Yellow  mustard,  990,  991. 
Yellow  sweet  clover,  981,  983,  999. 
Yellow  sticker,  980. 
Yellow  tarweed,  982,  1025,  1028. 
Yellow  tops,  982,  1028. 
Yerba  Buena,  983,  1019. 
Yerba  del  Pascado,  1004. 
Yerba  Santa,  981. 
Yucca,  977,  981,  986. 
Zea  mays,  984,  985. 


STATION    PUBLICATIONS    AVAILABLE     FOR     DISTRIBUTION. 


REPORTS. 

1896.  Report  of  the  Viticultural  Work  during  the  seasons  1887-93 

ing  the  Vintages  of  1894-95. 

1897.  Resistant  Vines,  their  Selection,  Adaptation,  and  Grafting. 

cultural  Report  for  1896. 

1902.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1901-03. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1903-04 


with  data  regard- 
Appendix  to  Viti- 


BULLETINS. 


Reprint.    Endurance  of  Drought  in  Soils  of 

the  Arid  Region. 
No.   128.  Nature,  Value,  and  Utilization  of 
Alkali  Lands,  and  Tolerance  of 
Alkali.      (Revised  and  Reprint, 
1905.) 

133.  Tolerance    of   Alkali   by  Various 
cultures. 

147.  Culture  Work  of  the  Sub-stations. 

149.  California  Sugar  Industry. 

151.  Arsenical  Insecticides. 

153.  Spraying  with  Distillates. 

159.  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Fer- 
mentation. 

162.  Commercial  Fertilizers.      (Dec.  1, 
1904.) 

165.  Asparagus    and   Asparagus    Rust 
in  California. 

167.  Manufacture    of    Dry    Wines    in 

Hot  Countries. 

168.  Observations  on  Some  Vine  Dis- 

eases in  Sonoma  County. 

169.  Tolerance  of  the  Sugar  Beet  for 

Alkali. 

170.  Studies  in  Grasshopper  Control. 

171.  Commercial     Fertilizers.       (June 

30,  1905.) 

172.  Further  Experience  in  Asparagus 

Rust  Control. 
174.  A  New  Wine-cooling  Machine. 

176.  Sugar  Beets  in  the   San  Joaquin 

Valley. 

177.  A    New   Method    of   Making   Dry 

Red  Wine. 

178.  Mosquito  Control. 

179.  Commercial    Fertilizers.       (June, 

1906.) 

180.  Resistant  Vineyards. 

181.  The  Selection  of  Seed- Wheat. 

182.  Analysis     of     Paris     Green    and 

Lead    Arsenic.       Proposed    In- 
secticide Law. 

183.  The  California  Tussock-moth. 

184.  Report  of  the   Plant   Pathologist 

to  July  1,  1906. 

185.  Report     of    Progress     in     Cereal 

Investigations. 

186.  The  Oidium  of  the  Vine. 

187.  Commercial  Fertilizers.  (January, 

1907.) 


No.    188. 

189. 

190. 
191. 
192. 

193. 

194. 
195. 
197. 


198. 
199. 
200. 

201. 

202. 

203. 

204. 

205. 

206. 

207. 
208. 
209. 
210. 

211. 

212. 
213. 
214. 
215 

216. 


Lining  of  Ditches  and  Reservoirs 
to  Prevent  Seepage  and  Losses. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (June, 
1907.) 

The  Brown  Rot  of  the  Lemon. 

California  Peach  Blight. 

Insects  Injurious  to  the  Vine  in 
California. 

The  Best  Wine  Grapes  for  Cali- 
fornia ;  Pruning  Young  Vines ; 
Pruning  the  Sultanina. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (Dec, 
1907.) 

The  California  Grape  Root- 
Worm. 

Grape  Culture  in  California ; 
Improved  Methods  of  Wine- 
making  ;  Yeast  from  California 
Grapes. 

The  Grape  Leaf-Hopper. 

Bovine  Tuberculosis. 

Gum  Diseases  of  Citrus  Trees  in 
California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (June, 
1908.) 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (Decem- 
ber, 1908.) 

Report  of  the  Plant  Pathologist 
to  July  1,  1909. 

The  Dairy  Cow's  Record  and  the 
Stable. 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  (Decem- 
ber,  1909.) 

Commercial  Fertilizers.  ( June, 
1910.) 

The  Control  of  the  Argentine  Ant. 

The  Late  Blight  of  Celery. 

The  Cream  Supply. 

Imperial  Valley  Settlers'  Crop 
Manual. 

How  to  Increase  the  Yield  of 
Wheat  in  California. 

California  White  Wheats. 

The    Principles   of   Wine-making. 

The  Citrus  Fruit  Insects. 
The  House  Fly  and   Its  Relation 
to  Public  Health. 

A  Progress  Report  Upon  Soil  and 
Climatic  Factors  Influencing 
the  Composition  of  Wheat. 


CIRCULARS. 


No.      1.   Texas   Fev< 

5.  Contagious  Abortion  in  Cows. 
7.   Remedies  for  Insects. 
9.   Asparagus  Rust. 

11.  Fumigation  Practice. 

12.  Silk   Culture. 

15.  Recent    Problems    in    Agriculture. 
What  a  University  Farm  is  For. 
19.  Disinfection  of  Stables. 

29.  Preliminary    Announcement    Con- 

cerning Instruction  in  Practical 
Agriculture  upon  the  University 
Farm,  Davis,  Cal. 

30.  White   Fly   in   California. 

32.  White    Fly   Eradication. 

33.  Packing    Prunes    in    Cans.      Cane 

Sugar  vs.   Beet  Sugar. 

36.  Analyses  of  Fertilizers  for  Con- 
sumers. 

39.  Instruction  in  Practical  Agricul- 
ture at  the  University  Farm. 

46.  Suggestions  for  Garden  Work  in 
California  Schools. 


No. 


Agriculture    in    the   High    Schools. 
Butter   Scoring  Contest,   1909. 
Fumigating   Scheduling. 
Announcement  of  Farmers'   Short 

Courses  for   1910. 
Some     Creamery     Problems     and 

Tests. 
Farmers'  Institutes  and  University 

Extension  in  Agriculture. 
Experiments  with  Plants  and  Soils 

in     Laboratory,     Garden,     and 

Field. 
Tree      Growing      in      the      Public 

Schools. 
Butter  Scoring  Contest,  1910. 
University  Farm  School. 
The  School  Garden  in  the  Course 

of  Study. 

63.  How    to    Make    an    Observation 

Hive. 

64.  Announcement        for        Farmers 

Short  Courses  for  1911. 

65.  The    California    Insecticide    Law. 

66.  Insecticides    and    Insect    Control. 


47. 

48. 
50. 
53. 

54. 

55. 

58. 


59. 

60. 
61. 
62. 


